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climate or <strong>of</strong> individual units, divisions, branches, or departments within the<br />

organization. After the instrument has been administered, the respondents may<br />

individually use a rating scale to evaluate the operating effectiveness <strong>of</strong> the climate that<br />

has been analyzed. Then the administrator may lead a discussion on the basic<br />

characteristics <strong>of</strong> the different effectiveness pr<strong>of</strong>iles represented in the group (see the<br />

previous section). Subsequently, the respondents may discuss their individual scores and<br />

ratings and then arrive at a consensus regarding the diagnosis and evaluation <strong>of</strong> the<br />

climate, which <strong>of</strong> the twelve dimensions <strong>of</strong> organizational climate need improvement,<br />

why particular dimensions are weak, and what steps may need to be taken in response.<br />

Another approach is to discuss individual rankings and to develop a consensus<br />

regarding the desired rankings <strong>of</strong> motives and what might be done to affect the<br />

perceived climate accordingly. Any specific action ideas that are developed may be<br />

presented to top management for discussion, approval, and commitment. Then the<br />

agreed-on action steps may be carried out and followed up with monthly reviews to<br />

determine the success <strong>of</strong> implementation.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

Baumgartel, H.J., Rajan, P.S.S., & Newman, J. (1985). Educational environments and attributions <strong>of</strong> causality:<br />

Some exploratory research findings. Quality <strong>of</strong> Work Life, 2(56), 309-328.<br />

Beer, M. (1971, September). Organizational climate: A viewpoint from the change agent. Paper presented at the<br />

American Psychological Association Convention, Washington, D.C.<br />

Burns, T., & Stalker, G. (1961). The management <strong>of</strong> innovation. London: Tavistock.<br />

Campbell, J.P., Dunnette, M.D., Lawler, E.E., III, & Weick, K.E., Jr. (1970). Managerial behavior, performance,<br />

and effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill.<br />

Dachler, H.P. (1973). Work motivation and the concept <strong>of</strong> organizational climate. Paper presented at the 10th<br />

Annual Eastern Academy <strong>of</strong> Management Meeting, Philadelphia, PA.<br />

Deci, E.L. (1980). The psychology <strong>of</strong> self-determination. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.<br />

Hellriegel, D., & Slocum, J.W. (1974). Organizational climate: Measures, research and contingencies. Academy <strong>of</strong><br />

Management Journal, 17(2), 255-280.<br />

Khanna, B.B. (1986). Relationship between organizational climate and organizational role stress and their impact<br />

upon organizational effectiveness: A case study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Banaras Hindu<br />

University, Varanasi, India.<br />

Likert, R. (1967). The human organization. New York: McGraw-Hill.<br />

Litwin, G., & Stringer, R. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University<br />

Press.<br />

Pareek, U. (1983). Organizational role stress. In L.D. Goodstein & J.W. Pfeiffer (Eds.), The 1983 annual for<br />

facilitators, trainers, and consultants (pp. 115-123). San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.<br />

Pareek, U. (1986). Motivational <strong>analysis</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>organizations</strong>—behavior (MAO-B). In J.W. Pfeiffer & L.D. Goodstein<br />

(Eds.), The 1986 annual: Developing human resources (pp. 121-133). San Diego, CA: Pfeiffer & Company.<br />

The Pfeiffer Library Volume 19, 2nd Edition. Copyright © 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer ❚❘ 125

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