list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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cream, 4 mm long, tubular in the basal 2 mm, with 3 triangular striate lobes 2 mm long x 2 mm wide; petals cream or white, 9 mm long x 2.5 mm wide, lanceolate with a blunt triangular tip; stamen-filaments to 3 mm long x 1 mm wide, minutely epipetalous and united into a very short (
Habitat and ecology Tolerant of deep shade, L. opacum is commonly found in high forest in the lower to mid-canopy. This species prefers well-drained soil and is the only species of rattan found on basalt and other volcanic soil types. Specimens examined GUINEA-CONAKRY: Wolfert 1910, Ntume, sterile, 1911 (FI!); LIBERIA: van Meer 264, 7km from Bababli (06.08N:09.55W) Fl., December 12, 1965 (MO!); GHANA: Adams 2407, Awaso, Western Region (06.15N:02.17W) sterile, December 24, 1953 (GC!); Cummins 229, Kumasi (06.40N:01.39W) Fr., 1995 (K!); Enti 614, Bimpong F.R., Foso (05.43N:01.28W) Fr., February 16, 1972 (GC!, MO!, BR!); Hall 2748, Kakum F.R. (05.26N:01.19W) Fl., November 20, 1964 (K!, GC!); Irvine 502, Ashantia, Ashanti, sterile, April 30, 1927 (GC!); Irvine 2075, Awisa (07.49N:02.07W); Fl., December 1933 (K!, GC!); Irvine 2300, Atwabo, Western Region (05.18N:02.03W) Fl., February 28, 1934 (GC!); Moore 2115, SS Forest Reserve, sterile, December 1920 (K!); Morton 3618, Awaso, Western Region (06.15N:02.17W) Fl., December 3, 1958 (K!, GC!); Vigne 1365, Banka, S. Ashanti (06.17N:01.14W) Fl., September 1928 (K!, FHO!, MO!); Vigne 1875, Amentia F.R., E. Region (06.10N:01.58W) Fr., March 30, 1930 (K!, KUM!); West-Skinn 90, Axim Cocoa Station (04.52N:02.14W) sterile, 1957 (K!); NIGERIA: Chapman 3681, Mambilla Plateau, sterile, April 15, 1975 (FHO!); Chapman 5202, Mambilla Plateau, Fl., February 3, 1978 (FHO!); Chapman 5331, Baissa River (07.14N:10.38E) Fr., April 1, 1978 (FHO!); Morakinyo 1006, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) sterile, August 18, 1993 (K!); Otedoh & Tuley 7252, Okwabe, near Warri (05.22N:05.48E) sterile, August 15, 1972 (K!); Tuley 530, Nsukka (06.50N:07.37E) sterile, January 31, 1964 (K!); Tuley 649, Calabar to Mamfe road, Mile 31 (05.18N:08.34E) sterile, July 13, 1964 (K!); CAMEROON: Bos 5162, 19km from Kribi on Lolodorf road (03.00N:10.03E) Fr., August 7, 1969 (K!, YA!); Breteler 1241, Bertoua (04.34N:13.40E) Fl., April 17, 1961 (WAG!); Breteler 1560, 23km W of Yaounde on Douala road (03.05N:11.17E) Fl., July 7, 1961 (WAG!); Breteler et al 1200, 6km along Batouri to Betare Oyi road (04.25N:14.21E) sterile March 14, 1961 (WAG!); Breteler et al 2563, Mt Febe nr Yaounde (03.53N:11.31E) Fr., January 23, 1962 (WAG!, BR!); Bruneau 1093, Kribi to Ebolowa road, Sud Province (02.51N:10.00E) sterile, October 30, 1995 (K!); Cheek 5591, Mt Cameroon, Upper Boando (04.04N:09.08E) Fr., November 30, 1993 (K!, SCA!); Dransfield 6998, Mount Cameroon, Upper Boando (04.04N:09.08E) Fl., June 26, 1991 (K!, SCA!); Fotius 3074, Djoumbi-Mbidan, 45km St Tiguere, sterile, March 12, 1978 (YA!); Lederman 1487, Sanchu, Fr., December 3, 1908 (FI!); Letouzey 3553, Betare Dja (03.00N:12.40E) Fr., February 27, 1964 (YA!); Maitland 761, Limbe (04.01N:09.11E) Fr., October 1929 (K!); Mbani 497, Boa Plain (04.26N:08.54E) sterile, June 5, 1994 (SCA!); Mildbraed 5264, Lomie (03.09N:13.37E) sterile, May 18, 1911 (HBG!); Mildbraed 5310, Lomie (03.09N:13.37E) sterile, May 21, 1911 (HBG!); Mpou 338, Mbalmayo (03.31N:11.30E) Fl., June 6, 1959 (YA!); Njingum 11, Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, August 5, 1999 (K!); Nkefor 445, Mabeta-Moliwe (03.58N:09.14E) sterile, s.d. (K!); Nkongmeneck 596, Nkobasso, 40km SSE of Ndiki, Fr., November 15, 1983 (YA!); Raynal 9825, 103
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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