list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Distribution E. cabrae is restricted to Gabon, southwards to Angola and across to the lowland forests of the wider Congo basin. This species is reported to be relatively common where it occurs (de Wildeman, 1904). Figure 4. Distribution of E. cabrae (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) De Wild. Habitat and ecology E. cabrae is more commonly encountered in swamp forest, and rarely in terra firme forest. Specimens examined CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Harris 3419, 6km from Bayanga (02.55N:16.16E) sterile, July 7, 1993 (K!); Harris 4765, 8km ESE of Lidjombo (02.39N:16.11E) sterile, March 16, 1994 (K!); Harris 4966, 25km SE of Bayanga (02.47N:16.25E) Fl., May 27, 1994 (K!); GABON: Williamson 128, Lopé Reserve (00.30N:11.32E) sterile, January 1985 (K!); de Wilde et al. 11177, road from airport to Vera (02.47S:10.06E) Fl., November 23, 1994 (WAG!); CONGO: Hallé 1814, 20km N of Brazzaville (04.05S:15.17E) Fl., February 2, 1970 (BR!); DR CONGO: Allard 294, Kanya, sterile, 1910 (BR!); Bequaert 953 Bumba (02.12N:22.27E) Fr., October 28, 1913 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Haut-Chiluango, 60
sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Mayombe, sterile, January 21, 1897 (BR!); Compère 2182, Kinkosi (04.33S:14.35E) sterile, October 17, 1910 (BR!); Demeuse s.n., Mangobo (00.20S:28.06E) sterile, May 1892 (BR!); Deuse 121, Lac Tumba (00.46S:20.06E) juvenile, May 6, 1955 (BR!); Germain 326, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., May 15, 1940, BR!; Gillet 2069, Kimengue, Fl. & Fr., March 1900 (FI!, BR!); Hulstaert 1417, Bokela (01.07S:21.55E) Fr., s.d. (BR!); Jans 655, Bokoro, Fl., January 17, 1948 (BR!); Kuasa 48, Lukula (05.23S:12.56E) Fr., November 26, 1960 (BR!); Laurent 912, Bamama, Fl., February 28, 1896 (BR!); Laurent 1118, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., November 10, 1902 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Eala (00.03N:18.18E) sterile, July 1, 1902 (BR!); Lejoly 1438, Kisangani (00.30N:25.15E) sterile, April 30, 1977 (BR!); Lejoly 82/820, Batekes Plateau (04.35S:16.20E) Fl., December 9, 1982 (BR!); Leonard 929, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., October 1946 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Liegeois 88, Tshopo (10.12S:24.51E) sterile, July 1943 (BR!); Lisowski 86336, Batekes Plateau (04.35S:16.20E) Fl., July 9, 1982 (BR!); Louis 3804, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., April 30, 1937 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Louis 5656, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., July 27, 1937 (K!, FHO!, BR!, MO!); Louis 15169, between Yangambi and Isangi (00.43N:24.23E) Fl., June 12, 1939 (BR!); Louis 16797, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., November 17, 1943 (BR!); Nannan 46, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) sterile, August 25, 1914 (K!); Nsimundeue 1055, Luki (05.26S:12.44E) Fl., July 17, 1972 (BR!); Pauwels 2322, Kisantu (04.25S:14.42E) sterile, April 13, 1959 (BR!); Pynaert 1673, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., August 20, 1907 (BR!); Pyneart 1073, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., 1907 (K!); Sapin s.n., Haut-Chiluango, Fr., January 1910 (BR!); Toussaint 2331, Vallée de la Nkula, sterile, May 20, 1947 (BR!, MO!); Wellens 473, Lubumba (03.57S:29.05E) sterile, December 1923 (BR!); ANGOLA: Gossweiler 10086, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, 1923 (K!); Gossweiler 10088, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, 1923 (K!) ______________________________________ E. laurentii De Wild. Marcel Laurent (1879-1924), Belgian botanist De Wild. in Bull. Jar. Bot. Brux. 5: 147 (1916); De Wild. in Ann. de Mus. Col. de Marseille 3(7): 21 (1919); Renier in Fl. du Kwango 1: 82 (1948); Morakinyo in Principes 39(4): 202 (1995); Tuley in Palms of Africa 45: (1995); Cable & M. Cheek in Pl. of Mt. Cam. 179: (1998); Type: DR Congo, between Bolobo and Yumbi, Laurent 645 (holotype BR!). Clustering robust palm climbing to 30 m long. Stems ± triangular in cross-section, without sheaths, 18-24 mm in diameter, with 25-30 mm; internodes 10-16 cm. Leaf sheath lightly striate, moderately to profusely covered in caducous grey-black 61
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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