list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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(02.03N:13.30E) sterile, January 8. 1973 (YA!); Lowe 3443, Edea - Kribi rd nr Elogbatindi (03.27N:10.11E) Fr., January 22, 1978 (K!, YA!); Mildbraed 6036, 58km east of Kribi (02.56N:10.26E) sterile, July 21, 1911 (HBG!); Nkefor 920, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fr., s.d. (K!); Preuss 460, Barombi (04.40N.09.23E) sterile, 1890 (FI!); Richards 5209, Kembong Forest Reserve, SW Province (05.38N:09.14E) sterile, March 16, 1955 (K!); Rosevear 30138, Kumba (04.38N:09.26E) sterile, October 29, 1937 (FHO!); Sunderland 2304, Korup National Park, Chimpanzee Camp (05.02N:08.48E) sterile, February 15, 2000 (K!); Sunderland 1640, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, May 1, 1994 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1701, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, NY!); Sunderland 1712, Onge River valley (04.21N:08.57E) sterile, November 23, 1995 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1719, 30km north of Mamfe (05.58N:09.20E) sterile, December 2, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BH!) Sunderland 1927, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) sterile, October 11, 1998 (K!, YA!); Sylvanus s.n., Obonyi I (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, November 11, 1998 (K!); Thomas 9733, Idenau (04.16N:09.01E) sterile, September 10, 1993 (K!, SCA!); Thomas s.n., Korup National Park, (04.55N:08.50E) sterile, s.d. (SCA!); Webb & Bullock 310, Campo Faunal Reserve (02.24N:09.54E) sterile, July 9, 1976 (K!, YA!); CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Harris 2360, 45km S of Lidjombo (02.21N:16.09E) Fl., May 21, 1990 (MO!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1798, 2km north of Ayemeken village (02.10N:10.03E) sterile, March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1876, 2km SW of village of Angoma (02.03N:10.10E) sterile, September 15, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!, MO!, WAG!, BR!); GABON: Breteler et al. 11194, 30km E of Latoursville (00.40S:13.00E) Fr., April 30, 1992 (WAG!); de Wilde et al. 9301, 22km from Mayumba (03.16S:10.46E) Fr., December 11, 1986 (MO!, WAG!, BR!); Gentry & Emmons 33732, M'Passa field stn. Makokou (00.33N:12.50E) sterile, July 31, 1981 (MO!); Klaine s.n., Ogoué River (00.59S:09.03E) sterile, s.d. (K!, BR!); ANGOLA: Gossweiler 7567, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, June 1920 (K!); Gossweiler 8145, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, 1920 (K!) ______________________________________ E. barendii Sunderland sp. nov. affinis E. macrocarpa (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. sed vagina cum geniculus, ochrea fissa, siccus non integra, spadix leviter pileus non glabellus, conspicue bracteatus (3.0-5.0 mm longus non 1.0-3.0 mm). Type: Cameroon, Ebom, near Lolodorf (03°44’N:10°43’E) 11 th March, 1997, van Gemerden 77 [infructescence] (holotype K!; isotypes YA!, KRI!) Clustering palm climbing to 25-30 m. Stems circular in cross section, without leaf sheaths, c.15 mm in diameter, with, to 25 mm; internodes 10-15 cm long. Leaf sheath longitudinally striate, sparsely to moderately covered with dark brown caducous 70
indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncate, dry, grey-brown, often splitting in conspicuous v-shape on abaxial side, extending to 2 cm; knee linear, 3-3.5 cm long, somewhat abrupt at base. Leaf up to 2.4m long; rachis 1-1.2m long, abaxially rounded, adaxially flattened or convex, becoming trapezoid then triangular in cross-section distally, armed along the margins with inequidistant black-tipped, bulbous-based spines, sparse brown indumentum present on underside of rachis, absent distally; cirrus up to 1.2 m long, unarmed; leaflets, opposite or sub-opposite, up to 26 on each side of the rachis, linear-lanceolate, broadly contracted at the base, apex narrowly praemorse, 25-32 cm long x 1.5-2 cm broad at the widest point, concolorous, armed along the margins with inequidistant, black-tipped spines, with 5-7 moderately conspicuous transverse veinlets 1-2 mm apart; lowermost leaflets smaller than the rest, linear-ovate, erect or reflexed and laxly swept across stem; acanthophylls 2.4-2.8 cm long. Inflorescence, very lightly papillose up to 30 cm long; peduncle 8-10 cm long; rachis 17-20 cm long, arching, sometimes straight, rachis bracts, finely to broadly acuminate, united at base to form a conspicuous sheathing bract, 3-5 mm long, decreasing distally; rachillae distichous, c.10 on each side, 10-14 cm long, decreasing distally, adnate for 5-8 mm of the inflorescence axis, arching, rarely straight, with 1-3 mm circular bracts subtending each dyad. Flowers not known. Fruit at maturity, 1-seeded, 2.3-2.8 cm long x 1.5-1.7 cm broad, broadly cylindrical, with 16 vertical rows of scales. Seed compressed, 2 cm long x 1.2 cm wide x 0.7 cm thick, flattened on one side, embryo lateral, raised opposite flattened side. 71
Page 1 and 2:
THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122:
own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124:
Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194:
Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208:
Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220:
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279:
Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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