list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Distribution L. acutiflorum is distributed from Sierra Leone to Cameroon, southwards to Gabon and DR Congo. Figure 23. Distribution of L. acutiflorum (Becc.) J. Dransf. Habitat and ecology L. acutiflorum is a light demanding species commonly found in gap vegetation and in open areas. This species often occurs in seasonally-inundated and swamp forest, although it is also found in drier, exposed sites. L. acutiflorum responds well to selective logging and will colonise recently disturbed soil particularly on skid trails and roadsides. Notes See notes under L. secundiflorum. Specimens examined SIERRA LEONE: Gledhill 339, Koruboula to Sokwela (09.12N:10.56W) sterile, February 17, 1966 (K!); Jordan 2064, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fl., May 13, 1955 (K!); GHANA: Chipp 643, Konongo, Ashanti region (06.37N:01.12W) Fr., February 4, 1914 (K!); Enti 758, Aiyaola F.R. 112
(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!); Sunderland 2263, Draw River Forest Reserve (05.12N:02.20W) sterile, May 26, 1999 (K!, KUM!); NIGERIA: Morakinyo 1000, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) Fl. & Fr., August 10, 1993 (K!); CAMEROON: Dransfield 7001, Mungo River Crossing (04.08N:09.31E) Fl., June 27, 1991 (K!); Dusen 292, Ndian (05.00N:09.00E) Fl. 1892 (FI!); Preuss 1232, Victoria to Bimbia (03.59N:09.13E) Fl., April 10, 1894 (FI!); Sunderland 1707, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fr., November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1714, Kumba to Mamfe road (05.02N:09.24E) Fr., November 30, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1723, 30km north of Mamfe (05.58N:09.20E) Fr., December 2, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1764, 15km from Kribi on Campo road (02.34N:09.50E) Fr., December 1, 1996 (K!, YA!, MO!); Sunderland 1855, 10km from Kribi at Grande Batanga (02.09N:09.48E) Fl., August 30, 1997 (K!, YA!, NY!, BR!); Sunderland 1882, Mfakwa-Supe flyover, 20km south of Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) Fr., November 26, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, MO!, WAG!); Sunderland 1926, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) Fl., October 10, 1998 (K!, YA!, WAG!); Thomas 9738, Idenau (04.16N:09.01E) Fr., September 10, 1993 (K!, SCA!); van Gemerden 110, River Lobe, near Kribi (02.57N:09.54E) Fr., December 15, 1996 (K!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1907, Near village of Njakem (01.42N:09.40E) juvenile, March 24, 1998 ( K!, YA!, EG!, WAG!), DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: de Graer 216, Adjala (02.02S:15.08E) sterile, November 12, 1933 (BR!); Louis 16995, Oriental Province, Lac Yangambi (00.47N:24.26E) Fr., September 1944 (K!); Vanderyst 6411, sterile, 1917 (BR!) _______________________________________ Laccosperma robustum (Burr.) J. Dransf. (Latin) “robust” J. Dransf. in Kew Bull. 37(30): 456 (1982); Type: Central African Republic, Sangha- Mbaera, Harris 5706 (neotype K!). Ancistrophyllum robustum Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 747 (1942); Letouzey in Adansonia 2 (18): 314 (1978); Types: Cameroon, Moloundou, Mildbraed s.n. (holotype B†; isotype HBG†). L. secundiflorum sensu Morakinyo in Principes 39(4): 207 (1994); Tuley in Palms of Africa, 36: (1995); White & Abernethy in Guide to Veg. of Lopé Res. Gabon 64: (1997). 113
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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