list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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E. tessmanniana Becc. Günther Tessmann (born ? - 1926) German botanist and anthropologist Becc. in Webbia 3: 278 (1910); Guinea-Lopez in Ensayo Geobot. de la Guinea Cont. Espanola 245: (1946); Letouzey in Adan. 18(3): 314 (1978); Aedo et al. in Bases Docs. Fl. de Guinea Ecuatorial 375: (1999). Type: Equatorial Guinea, Tessmann 4 (holotype B†; isotype FI!). Clustering slender palm climbing up to 150 m, more commonly to 60-80 m. Stems, often branching, circular in cross-section, without sheaths 10-12 mm in diameter, with 12-15 mm in diameter; internodes 15-20 cm long. Leaf sheath longitudinally striate, with black caducous indumentum; ocrea entire, horizontally truncate, extending to 1.5 cm; knee absent. Juvenile stems with sheath, 0.6 cm in diameter; petiole angular, 15- 17 cm long armed along the margins with reflexed, bulbous-based, black tipped spines; leaves bifid, 20 cm x 24 cm, deeply notched, with somewhat rounded lobes; elaminate rachis present on lower section of stems, up to 80 cm long. Leaves on mature stems sessile, or very nearly so (petiole
order region of Cameroon and the Rio Muni territory of Equatorial Guinea. Further collections might link this disjunction. Figure 15. Distribution of E. tessmanniana Becc. Habitat and ecology E. tessmanniana is a forest species found on well-drained soils in closed-canopy forest. Notes In common with E. quinquecostulata, E. tessmanniana has not been recognised as a distinct species since Beccari’s original description (Beccari, 1910). Tuley (1995) suggested this species represented a juvenile form of an unspecified species, however, recent studies of herbarium material and subsequent field collections have proved this not to be the case. Fertile material of this species is needed for a more complete description to be made. 87
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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