list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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The “palm heart” is eaten widely, from Cameroon through to Gabon (Rapona-Walker and Sillans, 1961; Sunderland, unpubl. notes) and contributes to the diets of many forest dwellers. The young leaves are eaten in stews by the Fang in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea (Guinea-Lopez, 1946). References: NIGERIA: Morakinyo, 1000 (herb. K!): CAMEROON: Mildbraed (1913); Hédin (1929); Letouzey 8479 (herb. YA!); Thomas et al., (1989); Sunderland (unpubl. notes): CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Fay 8236, 8254 (herb. MO!): EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Tessmann 2 (herb. FI!); Sunderland (1998): GABON: Wilks 1486 (herb. MO!): DR CONGO: Gerard, 3218, 3933, 4951 (herb. BR!); Germain 8278 (herb. BR!): Leonard 1671 (herb. BR!). _______________________________________ L. secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) Küntze Vernacular names SENEGAL: ka-likut (Jola-Fogny): GUINEA-BISSAU: tambem-hadje (Fulfulde- Pulaar); tambendjom (indef.), tambendjom-� (def.) (Mandinka): SIERRA LEONE: lumboinyo-piando (Kisi); kangane (Kono); kafo (Loko); kavo (def. kavui) (Mende); ka-gbesu = whole stems, e-gbak = leafless part of the stem (Themne): CÔTE D’IVOIRE: kumh (Attié); agu� (Ebrié); djoho, djolo (Krumen); ahika (Anyin); gblé (Godié): GHANA: willow (Trade); ayi� (Akan-Asanti); ayik� = large rattan (Nzema): BENIN: kpanon (Defi); kpacha (Gun-Gbe): NIGERIA: willow, hard cane (Pidgin); ohwara (Urhobo); okankan = whole cane, ukwen = when split (Edo); ��5� (Efik); ukp� = cane rope made of this species (Ijo-Izon); iga (Ekpeye); a�� (Igbo); epe-nla, ikan-ik� = a hook (Yoruba): CAMEROON: makak, maraca (Trade); ka-kawa (Baka): ekwos (Balundu-Bima); ekot (Ejagham); nde-gekwiya (Denya); mekan (Badjué): GABON: nkan (Fang); nkanda (Kélé); ikandji (Kota); okana (Ndumu); mokangé (Pinji); mokangé (Tsogo); mukanda (Sira); mukanda (Duma); mukanda (Lumbu); nkogu (Myene); nkanyi (Seki); CONGO: mukaana a nguomo (Téké): DR CONGO: ma-kauw, bo-kauw (def.) (Lingala); bo-nganga (Mongo-Nkundu); nkau (Kongo); lu-bubi (Lega-Mwenga): ANGOLA: mi-cau (Mbundu-Luanda). 332
Uses This species is the most desired large diameter cane species in West Africa and, along with L. robustum, one of the two main commercial species in Central Africa (Hédin,1929; Irvine, 1961; Bauchet, 1988; Profizi, 1989; Abbiw, 1990; Tuley, 1995; Burkill, 1997; Sunderland, 1999a; 1999b). Although the stems are used, in the main, whole, throughout west Africa, the split stems are also used for binding house frames together as well as for the construction of fish traps, baskets and other woven products (Bauchet, 1988; Profizi, 1989; Abbiw, 1990; Tuley, 1995; Burkill, 1997). The leaves were formerly used by the Mende of Sierra Leone (Dalziel, 1937) the Nzeme of Ghana (Abbiw, 1990) and the Edo of Nigeria (Burkill, 1997) as a thatching material, but have since been replaced by metal roofing (Abbiw, 1990; Davies and Richards, 1991). In Cote d’Ivoire, the leaves are also used for thatching whilst the split stems are used for basketry and in the fabrication of traditional drums (securing the goat-skin onto the wooden frame) (ECOSYN, 1999). In the Congo, the Téké use the split stems of this species as a mooring line for fasting their canoes to the river bank. In much the same way, these split stems can also be suspended across a river to help with crossing on foot (Profizi and Makita-Madzou, 1996). The plant itself has significant symbolic value and is reputed to conjure up ghosts (ibid.). The young emerging shoots are often cut and roasted whole before the inner soft pith is eaten (Raponda-Walker and Sillans, 1961; Berhaut, 1988; Abbiw, 1990) or they may be boiled and then fried in butter to remove the bitterness (Chevalier, 1934). However, the Balundu-Bima of Cameroon state that the consumption of the young shoots can lead to impotence and hence it avoided by males (Mallson pers. comm.). The stem apex is eaten is widely eaten and is thought to contain an active heartstimulant which promotes a sense of well-being akin to that caused by kola nuts (Jordan, herb. K!). Holland (1922) records how many local people in Nigeria transported a portion of the upper stem with them when they entered the forest for long periods to harvest wild rubber; the whole stems were roasted on the fire and the soft pith then removed and eaten. The cut stems also provide a potable sap drunk by forest travellers (Berhaut, 1988; Raponda-Walker and Sillans, 1961). 333
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293: Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295: Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297: Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299: Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301: Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303: Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305: Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307: Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309: Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311: Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313: Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315: Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317: Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319: Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321: APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323: and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325: E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327: also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329: (unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331: L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 334 and 335: A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337: O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339: Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341: Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343: Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345: Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347: Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349: Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351: APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
Page 352 and 353: a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355: APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357: DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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