list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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large-diameter species of Laccosperma can be found in the notes under L. secundiflorum. Specimens examined NIGERIA: Smith 53, Calabar (04.59N:08.20E) Fl., June, 1931 (K!); CAMEROON: Bililong & Bullock 348, Campo Faunal Reserve (02.14N:09.54E) seedling, s.d. (K!); Bos 4799, 20km from Kribi (03.00N:10.03E) Fl., June 10, 1969 (K!, MO!, WAG!, YA!, BR!); Bos 5160, 20km from Kribi, (03.00N:10.03E) Fr., August 7, 1969 (K!, WAG!, BR!, YA!); Dransfield 7006, Limbe to Kumba road, Mile 40 (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, June 28, 1991 (K!, SCA!); Gentry & Thomas 52727, Korup National Park (05.00N:08.30E) sterile, November 12, 1985 (K!, MO!); Gentry & Thomas 52766, Korup National Park (05.00N:08.30E) sterile, November 12, 1985 (MO!); Letouzey 7368, Nr Benga on Douala to Yaounde rd, Fl., July 7, 1966 (YA!); Letouzey 8479, Nr Kamelon, 10km SE Sangmelima (02.55N:11.58E) Fr., November 24, 1966 (YA!); Lowe 3442, Edea - Kribi rd nr Elogbatindi (03.27N:10.11E) sterile, January 22, 1978 (K!, YA!); Njingum 1, Nkakanzock, near Edea (03.49N:10.14E) sterile, May 15, 1999 (K!); Njingum 3, NW Province, Bagoran, sterile, June 1, 1999 (K!); Njingum 5, Akom II (02.47N:10.34E) sterile, July 1, 1999 (K!); Njingum 9, Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, August 5, 1999 (K!); Sunderland 2305, Korup National Park, Chimpanzee Camp (05.02N:08.48E) sterile, February 18, 2000 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2306, Korup National Park, Chimpanzee Camp (05.02N:08.48E) sterile, February 18, 2000 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1645, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, May 1, 1994 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1708, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fr., November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1722, 30km north of Mamfe (05.58N:09.20E) sterile, December 2, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1740, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1747, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1757, Limbe - Kumbe road, Mile 40 (04.23N:09.26E) sterile, November 11, 1996 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1928, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) sterile, October 11, 1998 (K!, YA!); Sunderland 1930, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 9, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1935, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 15, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2058, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 18, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2253, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2254, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!); van Gemerden Bi, Kribi to Lolodorf road (03.13N:10.38E) sterile, s.d. (K!); CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Fay 8236, Ndakan (02.21N:16.09E) sterile, February 16, 1988 (MO!); Fay 8254, Ndakan (02.21N:16.09E) sterile, February 20, 1988 (MO!); Harris 5704, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 16, 1997 (K!); Harris 5706, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 16, 1997 (K!); Harris 5718, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 25, 1997 (K!); Harris 5719, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 25, 1997 (K!); Harris 5720, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 25, 1997 (K!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1791, Bata to Mbini road, 17km from Bata (01.45N:09.43E) Fr., March 11, 118
1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 1799, 4km north of Ayemeken village (02.10N:10.03E) Fr., March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!, MO!); Sunderland 1915, 5km from village of Nsork (01.53N:11.06E) Fr., April 2, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Tessmann 2, sterile, s.d. (FI!); GABON: Wilks 1486, 20km N of Koumameyong (00.22N:11.54E) Fr., April 1, 1987 (MO!); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Bermejo 19, Equator: zone d'Ikela (00.36S:20.06E) Fr., s.d. (BR!); Breyne 2357, Maluku, Plateau des Bateke (03.52S:15.00E) Fr., June 15, 1975 (MO!, BR!); Dubois 911, Boendu, S of Maringa (00.56N:20.03E) Fr., August 1938 (K!, BR!, MO!); Evrard 4943, Kodoro-Yekokora (01.16N:20.06E) Fr., September 26, 1958 (BR!); Leonard 1671, Popolo (03.06N:20.45E) Fr., August 20, 1955 (BR!); Leonard 3817, Kigulube: Shabunda (02.36S:28.00E) Fr., April 11, 1959 (BR!); Liegeois 89, sterile, July 1943 (BR!); Louis 6445, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., October 27, 1937 (BR!); Louis 16049, River Bokuye (tributary of the Luye), sterile, September 11, 1939 (BR!); Louis 16794, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) sterile, November 17, 1943 (BR!); Ndjele 732, 44km from Lubutu (00.42N:26.32E) sterile, June 22, 1981 (BR!); Toussaint 2294, Vallee de la Nkula, Fr., May 7, 1947 (BR!, FHO!); ANGOLA: Gossweiler 7541, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, 1919 (K!) _______________________________________ Laccosperma secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) Küntze (Latin) refers to the inflorescence structure with hermaphrodite flowers in pairs Küntze in Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 729 (1891); J. Dransf. in Kew Bull. 37(3): 456 (1981); Johnson in Principes 28(4): 161 (1984); Profizi in RIC Bull. 5(1): 2 (1986); Hawthorn in Trees of Ghana 225: (1990); H.A. Burkill in Useful Pl. of W. Trop. Afri. 4: 374 (1997); Cable & M. Cheek in Pl. of Mt. Cam. 179: (1998). Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum (P. Beauv.) H. Wendl. in Kerchove, Les Palmiers: 230 (1878); Drude in Engl. Bot. Jarbh. 5: 131 (1895); C.H. Wright in F.T.A. 7: 115 (1902); Becc. in Webbia 3: 251 (1910); De Wild. in Ann. Mus. Col. de Marseille 7(3): 28 (1919); Holland in Kew Bull. 9: 727 (1922); Hutch. in F.W.T.A. 2: 391 (1936); A. Chev. in Rev. de Bot. Appl. 17: 897 (1936); Staner & Boutique in Mem. l’Inst. Roy. Col. Belge 13: (1937); Dalziel in App. to F.W.T.A. 495: (1937); Renier in Fl. du Kwango 1: 82 (1948); Irvine in Econ. Bot. 6(23): 31 (1952); Fosberg in Principes 4: 129 (1960); Irvine in Woody Plants of Ghana 773: (1961); T.A. Russell in F.W.T.A. 3(2): 167 (1968); H.E. Moore in Principes 15: 112 (1971); Letouzey in Adansonia 2(18): 314 (1978); Bauchet in Fl. du Sénégal IX:74 (1988). 119
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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