list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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(K!); Dinklage 1154, Grand Batanga, (02.23N:09.50E) juvenile, February 18, 1891 (HBG!); Letouzey 11776, NE of Mintom II (02.30N:13.30E) juvenile, January 3, 1973 (YA!); Letouzey 15317, 40km S of Kribi (02.28N:09.53E) sterile, December 7, 1979 (YA!); Sunderland 1765, 15km from Kribi on Campo road (02.34N:09.50E) sterile, December 1, 1996 (K!, YA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1768, 15km from Kribi on Campo road (02.34N:09.50E) Fr., December 1, 1996 (K!, YA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1769, Kribi - Ebolowa road, 30km west of Kribi (02.39N:10.09E) Fr., December 1, 1996 (K!, YA!, BH!); Sunderland 1790, 15km from Kribi on Campo road (02.34N:09.50E) Fr., March 5, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, MO!, BR!); Sunderland 1887, 30km south of Kribi (02.48N:09.43E) Fl. & Fr., November 28, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, MO!, WAG!); Sunderland 1888, 30km south of Kribi (02.48N:09.43E) sterile, November 28, 1997 (K!, YA!); Sunderland 1929, Kribi to Campo road: 40km south of Kribi (02.48N:09.53E) Fr., October 12, 1998 (K!, YA!); van Gemerden BJ, Lolodorf (03.05N:10.25E) sterile, s.d. (K!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1793, Near village of Etembue (01.16N:09.26E) Fl. & Fr., March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!); Sunderland 1796, 2km north of Ayemeken village (02.10N:10.03E) Fr., March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!); Sunderland 1900, 10km south of Bata (01.45N:09.43E) sterile, March 20, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1902, 10km south of Bata (01.45N:09.43E) juvenile, March 20, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1903, 10km south of Bata (01.45N:09.43E) sterile, March 20, 1998 (K!, EG!); Sunderland 1908, Near village of Etembue (01.16N:09.26E) Fl., March 28, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1916, 20km from Sandje along Cogo road (01.30N:09.40E) Fl., April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!, NY!); Sunderland 1919, 2km WSW of village of Basilé (01.10N:09.50E) juvenile, April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!); Sunderland 1921, On road to Monte Mitra (01.12N:09.59E) Fl., April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!); Sunderland 1923, Near village of Etembue (01.16N:09.26E) Fr., March 28, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Tessmann 1, sterile, s.d. (FI!); CONGO: Hens 170, Belabo (02.09N:16.04E) sterile, May 8, 1889 (K!); GABON: Klaine s.n., Libreville (00.35N:09.22E) sterile, October 1893 (FI!); Mann 1044, Gaboon River (00.19N:09.29E) Fl., July 1861 (K!); Mann 1044a, Gaboon River (00.19N:09.29E) sterile, s.d. (K!); Rietsma 2151, NNW Libreville (00.36N:09.22E) Fl., April 25, 1986 (LBR!, WAG!) _____________________________________ O. macrospathus Burr. (Latin) large bracts on inflorescence Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15:749 (1942); Type: Angola, Luali, Gossweiler 9092 (holotype B†: isotype K!). Clustering robust palm climbing to 20-35 m. Stems without sheaths, 18-30 mm in diameter, with 28-40 mm; internodes 18-24 cm long. Leaf sheaths very lightly striate, light moderately to profusely armed with upward-pointing brown spines; armature 136
often concentrated on the sheath apex and often sloughing off at base leaving very feint circular scars; profuse white caducous indumentum present on mature and juvenile sheaths; ocrea ± horizontally truncate, somewhat striate, sometimes with a very slight (0.5-1 cm) rounded lobe abaxial to the leaf, armed as the sheath, although spines often concentrated at apex, extending up to 3 cm. Spear leaf dull yellow to bright green. Juvenile sheaths, armed as the mature sheaths only spines more profuse; leaves bifid, soon becoming pinnate; elaminate rachis up to 2 m long. Leaves on mature stems sessile, or with short (
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174: clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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