list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Specimens examined NIGERIA: Morakinyo 1002, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) sterile, August 16, 1993 (K!); Tuley 1078, Calabar to Ikot Opora road (05.00N:08.12E) sterile, December 10, 1964 (K!); CAMEROON: Dransfield 7007, Mile 48 Buea-Kumba road (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, June 28, 1991 (K!, SCA!); Dransfield 7476, 8km S of Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) Fl., November 26, 1997 (K!); Gartlan 39, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fr., November 11, 1968 (K!); Sunderland 1705, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1706, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1731, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) seedling, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, NY!); Sunderland 1733, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1739, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1743, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1746, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) juvenile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, NY!, MO!); Sunderland 1756; Limbe - Kumbe road: Mile 40 (04.23N:09.26E) juvenile, November 11, 1996 (K!, SCA!, NY!, WAG!); Sunderland 1759, Limbe - Kumbe road: Mile 40 (04.23N:09.26E) sterile, November 11, 1996 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1761, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fr., November 25, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1939, Mamfe to Ossing road, 15km south of Mamfe (05.38N:09.17E) Fl., November 20, 1998 (K!, SCA!, NY!); Sunderland 2056, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 17, 1999 (K!, SCA!) ; Thomas 9732, Idenau (04.16N:09.01E) Fr., September 10, 1993 (K!, SCA!); Thomas s.n. Korup National Park (04.55N:08.50E) sterile, s.d. (SCA!) _____________________________________ O. wrightianus Hutch. Charles Henry Wright (1864-1941), British botanist Hutch. in F.W.T.A. 2: 391 (1936); Jeffreys in Nig. Field 25(1): 42 (1960); Hutch. in Kew. Bull. 27:181 (1963); Russell in F.W.T.A. 2(3): 167 (1968); Profizi in RIC Bull. 5(1): 2 (1986); Type: Nigeria, Lagos, Barter 2220 (holotype K!). sensu O. mannii H.A. Burkhill in Useful Pl. of W. Trop. Afri. 4:376 (1997); Dalziel in Hutch. & Dalziel, App. to F.W.T.A. 508: (1937). Clustering (?) slender palm climbing to 10 m. Stems without sheaths 6-10 mm in diameter, with 8-15 mm; internodes ±15 cm long. Leaf sheaths striate, moderately to sparsely armed with caducous black spines, particularly concentrated and persistent on 144
ocrea, often sloughing off to leave raised, triangular, blister-like scars, sheath sometimes becoming bare at base; white caducous indumentum present on mature sheaths, profuse on young sheaths; ocrea horizontally truncate, without conspicuous lobe, extending to ±3 cm. Leaves sessile, or with a very short (
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143: Distribution This species is restri
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174: clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190: sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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