list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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1.2.11 The knee A knee-like swelling occurs on the leaf sheath below the insertion of the petiole in some rattans. In technical terms, this is called a geniculus (Baker et al., 1999d). The function of the knee is not known (Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). The knee develops as the leaf expands and matures, and may be associated with the change in the angle from vertical as it emerges from the apex to the horizontal (Dransfield, 1992a). The knee is clearly not associated with the climbing habit, as many climbing palms do not possess a knee of any kind. The knee is present in some species of the genus Eremospatha and, where it occurs, is unique amongst the Calamoideae in that it is conspicuously vertically-linear. Calamus deërratus exhibits a horizontally-wrinkled ridge in common with most Asian members of the genus. Species within Laccosperma and Oncocalamus do not posses a knee although within the latter genus, O. tuleyi possesses a slight horizontal swelling beneath the leaf junction. 1.2.12 The petiole and leaf rachis The petiole in most rattan palms is somewhat variable in length (Dransfield, 1992a). It is usually much longer in juvenile individuals than in mature leaves and it may be absent altogether. The petiole, where present, and the rachis are often heavily armed with spines and it has been speculated are not necessarily adapted for the climbing process but appear to function as a means of trapping litter from the forest canopy (Corner, 1966; Dransfield, 1992a). In taxa that lack petioles, the lowermost leaflets are also suggested to function as litter traps. The primary purpose of such trapping is assumed to be associated with the accumulation of nutrients (ibid.) In the genus Laccosperma, some species (particularly L. secundiflorum) are characterised by a long petiole, whilst other species have a very short petiole (L. robustum and L. acutiflorum). In the species of Oncocalamus, the petiole is absent or much reduced, particularly in mature stems, although more conspicuous in the juvenile stage. 30
For many of the species of Eremospatha, the petiole is absent and the lowermost leaflets are modified such that they are much reduced and strongly reflexed so that they are swept back and clasp the stem. This clasping can be rather lax, or extremely tight, enclosing the stem completely. This enclosure is often colonised by ants (see Chapter 4). 1.2.13 Leaflets The rattan leaf is pinnate (Uhl and Dransfield, 1987; Dransfield, 1992a). The leaflets result from the splitting of the folded leaf blade which occurs as the leaf expands. In almost all species of rattan, the leaflets consist of a single-fold; however, within some species of African rattan (L. secundiflorum and Oncocalamus wrightianus), leaflets can be composed of two or more folds. Although, in general, the leaflets within the Calamoideae are entire, some taxa possess jagged, distal margins; these are termed praemorse. This character is particularly common within the genus Eremospatha. The leaflets of the majority of species of African rattan are linear. However, some species of Laccosperma, in particular, are sigmoid. Other leaflet shapes exhibited by the African rattans include the distinctive rhomboid leaflets of Eremospatha wendlandiana and the more rounded rhomboid leaflets of E. cabrae and E. hookeri. The manner in which the leaflets are held on the rachis is often highly diagnostic. In particular, the leaflets of Laccosperma robustum are conspicuously pendulous differentiating this species from other, closely related species of the same genus. The leaflets of Eremospatha macrocarpa are also somewhat pendulous distinguishing this species from other species within the genus. In addition, although the majority of the African rattan taxa possess leaflets that are arranged uniformly and singly on the rachis, the leaflets of Calamus deërratus may be grouped, particularly on the distal portion of the leaf. The slender forest species, Eremospatha quinquecostulata has characteristically clustered (or plumose) leaflets, arranged in groups of 4-6. The presence of spines on the leaflet margins is a common feature of the African rattans and, where present, their size and arrangement is a good field characteristic for 31
Page 1 and 2: THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4: The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335:
A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339:
Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343:
Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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