list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Interestingly, the position of the sole representative of Calamus in Africa, C. deërratus, is as yet unresolved. Baker et al., (1999b), in their study of the molecular phylogenetics of Calamus found that this taxon, being flagellate, did not, as would be expected, resolve in the same clade as the other flagellate members of the genus and seems exclusive to this group. This would indicate that the presence of this taxon in Africa is due to vicariance, rather than dispersal as proposed by Dransfield (1988), and adds credence to the hypothesis that the Calamoideae are specifically Gondwanan in origin (Moore & Uhl, 1982; Dransfield, 1988b; Baker and Dransfield, 2000). 2.4. SPECIES CONCEPTS A review of the plethora of literature on the philosophy and nature of species concepts is beyond the scope of this study. However, the importance of explicitly stating the concepts and methods used for the recognition of taxa in the production of botanical monographs has been highlighted by Luckow (1995) and McDade (1995), and further elaborated by Sidwell (1999). The implicit taxonomic convention that the personal opinion of an expert botanist is sufficient to delimit taxa is, rightly, unacceptable for an unbiased scientific study, and it is essential that revisionists explicitly determine the concepts used in monographic study. In palms, the most commonly applied species concept that is applied to palm taxonomy is the morphological species concept where discontinuities in morphological variation provide the means to separate species (Davis and Haywood, 1963). The morphological species concept in palms has recently been reviewed for the Old World by Dransfield (1999) and for the Neotropics by Henderson (1999). Both studies suggest that the delimitation of species using the morphological species concept is valid. The species concept applied in this revision is based on morphological discontinuities both within and between populations and I have recognised as species only those smallest units that can be diagnosed by constant character states. 46
2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans climbing by means of a cirrus armed with acanthophylls; Leaf sheath without spines; stem sometimes with conspicuous knee below leaf junction; lowermost leaflets often swept back across stem; leaflets variouslyshaped, often with praemorse apices, or leaflets entire. Inflorescence without conspicuous bracts: Eremospatha Leaf sheath armed with conspicuous spines: Ocrea triangular, not tubular drying; spines on sheath long, slender and sparsely to densely arranged, not easily detached. Inflorescence units produced simultaneously in the axils of the distal leaves (hapaxanthic). Hermarphroditic flowers in dyads, rarely triads: Laccosperma Ocrea neat, horizontal, not dry; spines on sheath short, irregularlyspaced, black or brown, triangular, easily sloughing off. Inflorescence units, pendulous, produced in axils (pleonanthic). Monoecious flowers in clusters of 7-11: Oncocalamus Rattans climbing by means of a flagellum emerging from the leaf sheath: Calamus 47
Page 1 and 2: THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4: The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98:
LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100:
Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104:
Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120:
1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122:
own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124:
Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126:
French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128:
Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130:
ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134:
moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136:
Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138:
often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140:
Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142:
sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144:
Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148:
Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150:
CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160:
MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174:
clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176:
3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178:
the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180:
associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182:
the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184:
sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186:
seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188:
Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192:
concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194:
Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196:
4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202:
the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204:
latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206:
Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208:
Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212:
(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214:
Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218:
the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220:
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221:
The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227:
1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229:
taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231:
taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235:
For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237:
Box 2. The structure of vernacular
Page 238 and 239:
intermediate categories for African
Page 240 and 241:
hoped that any future development o
Page 242 and 243:
242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247:
Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251:
forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255:
aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257:
7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259:
7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261:
the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265:
service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269:
enefits rattan brings, those artisa
Page 270 and 271:
from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275:
such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277:
press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279:
Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281:
of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283:
Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285:
clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287:
forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289:
from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323:
and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327:
also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333:
The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335:
A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339:
Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341:
Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343:
Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345:
Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351:
APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355:
APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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