Masako, sterile, February 1, 1987 (BR!); Bavicchi 277, Lukabo, seedling, 1913 (BR!); Bequaert 1277, Yambuya (01.15N:24.33E) seedling, November 24, 1913 (BR!); Bequaert 1411, Bamalia, Fr., December 9, 1913 (BR!); Billiet & Jadin 4054, Bangu Massif (06.41S:19.22E) Fr., February 4, 1987 (BR!); Callens s.n., Kisantu (04.25S:14.42E) sterile, March 1947 (BR!); Claessens 381, Kalako Kombe (00.45S:21.33E) Fr., January 1910 (BR!); Compère 2181, Mputu (04.46S:15.31E) seedling, July 9, 1960 (BR!); Couteaux 471, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., October 20. 1908 (BR!); Couteaux 1051, Leopoldville (04.22S:15.23E) sterile, July 21, 1944 (BR!); de Graer 297, Mongoli River, sterile, September 1, 1934 (BR!); de Graer 327, Doruma (04.43N:27.42E) sterile, October 26, 1924 (BR!); Dewevre 581, Fr., s.d. (BR!); Dewevre 986, Fimbo, sterile, s.d. (BR!); Evrard 4041, Ikelemba river, Befale (00.26N: 20.48E) sterile, May 7, 1958 (K!, BR!); Evrard 5511, Yalikungu (00.42N:22.35E) Fl., January 10, 1959 (K!, BR!); Evrard 5890, Equateur Province, Bomongo (01.22N:18.23E) Fr., March 11, 1959 (K!); Flamigny 6361, Fr., February 1943 (BR!); Gathy 1639, Kaniama (06.05S:22.20E) Fl., August 21, 1958 (BR!); Gerard 1432, Diagbe (04.19N:27.45E) Fr., July 24, 1954 (K!, BR!); Gilbert 2258, 100km from Abo (03.14N:30.10E) sterile, May 1939 (BR!); Gillet 1385, Kisantu (04.25S:14.42E) juvenile, 1900 (BR!); Gillet 2026, Lukamba ( 05.20S:19.14E) Fl. & Fr., 1903 (FI!, BR!); Gillet 3505, sterile, 1903 (BR!); Gutzwiller 539, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26) seedling, February 10, 1955 (BR!); Hendrickx 4157, Hombo (01.52S:28.27E) sterile, August 1946 (BR!); Herman 2138, Kaniama, Haut Lomami (06.05S:22.20E) Fl., March 1937 (BR!, WAG!); Hulstaert 1416, Bokela (01.07S:21.55E) seedling, s.d. (BR!); Hulstaert 1418, Bokela (01.07S:21.55E) Fr., s.d. (K!, BR!); Hulstaert 1421, Bokela (01.07S:21.55E) seedling, s.d. (BR!); Hulstaert 1614, Bokuma, seedling, July 16, 1953 (BR!); Hulstaert 1616, Bokuma, sterile, July 16, 1953 (BR!); Kitembo 60, Kalima, Kivu (02.31S:26.26E) sterile, February 1981 (BR!); Laurent 911, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) sterile, July 1, 1903 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., July 15, 1903 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., 1905 (K!, FHO!); Laurent s.n., Isaka (01.28S:23.50E) sterile, November 21, 1903 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Kasai (10.07S:22.20E) sterile, November 1895 (BR!); Lebrun 1508, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., December 1931 (BR!); Leclercq 736, Doruma (04.43N:27.42E) sterile, March 7, 1958 (BR!); Lejoly 566, Bawombi (00.42N:26.11E) seedling, November 17, 1976 (BR!); Leonard 932, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl. & Fr., October 26, 1946 (K!, BR!, MO!); Leonard 933, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., October 26, 1946 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Leonard 936, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) sterile, October 30, 1946 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Leonard 1138, Oriental Province, Weko (01.13N:24.07E) Fr., March 1947 (K!, BR!, MO!); Liben 2603, Luisa Territory, Tomba (00.10N:19.18E) Fr., February 1957 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Liegeois 87, Oriental Province, Tshopo (10.12S:24.51E) sterile, July 1943 (BR!); Liegeois 87, Oriental Province, Tshopo (10.13S:24.50E) sterile, July, 1943 (K!); Lisowski 7160, Kouilou, Bena (02.34S:11.27E) sterile, October 8, 1990 (BR!); Louis 772, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., December 5, 1935 (BR!); Louis 847, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., December 17, 1935 (BR!); Louis 1970, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fl., May 30, 1936 (K!, BR!); Louis 3395, 6km W <strong>of</strong> Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., March 3, 1937 (K!, BR!); Louis 3638, 25km NW <strong>of</strong> Yangambi (00.49N:24.12E) Fl., March 19, 1937 (BR!, WAG!); Louis 4218, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) seedling, June 22, 1937 (BR!); Louis 7671, Yambuya (01.15N:24.33E) Fr., January 24, 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 8106, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) seedling, February 25, 1938 (BR!); Louis 9420, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., May 18, 1938 (K!, 84
FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W <strong>of</strong> Yangambi (00.49N:24.12E) Fr., May 30, 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 9731, Yalibwa, river Lubuye (00.56N:24.30E) Fl., June 9, 1938 (BR!); Louis 11850, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl. & Fr., October 18, 1938 (BR!, MO!, WAG); Louis 12106, 20km W <strong>of</strong> Yangambi (00.49N:24.12E) Fr., October 27, 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 16775, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., November 17, 1943 (BR!); Louis 10045, Oriental Province, Yalibora, Fr., June 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 218, Oriental Province, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) seedling, June 1937 (K!, FHO!, MO!); Luja 107, Gungu (05.45S:19.19E) seedling, November 18, 1898 (BR!); Luja 221, Kasai (10.07S:22.20E) sterile, March 11, 1899 (BR!); Luja 288, Lubué (04.08S:19.49E) juvenile, June 16, 1899 (BR!); Luja 297, Lubué (04.08S:19.49E) sterile, June 26, 1899 (BR!); Masens 451, Kikwit (05.02S:18.48E) juvenile, November, 21, 1990 (BR!); Mullenders 1166, Kaniama, Haut Lomami (06.05S:22.20E) sterile, September 1947 (BR!); Nannan 117, Bamania, Fr., August 29, 1914 (BR!); Nsola 621, Bikoro (00.44N:18.09E) Fr., May 31, 1984 (BR!); Pynaert 1676, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., 1907 (BR!); Robyns 4300, Kimengua, sterile, February 7, 1957 (BR!); Sapin s.n., Demba (04.27S:23.45E) Fl., December 1910 (BR!); Sapin s.n., Tshibangu (05.56S:20.54E) sterile, 1910 (FHO!); Schmitz 3710, Kanzenze (10.27S:27.11E) sterile, August 26, 1950 (BR!); Schouten 103, sterile, August 23, 1910 (BR!); Terashima 94, Nyamakombola (01.41S:28.09E) sterile, October 20, 1989 (BR!); Thiebaud 321, Katobo (00.57S:28.58E) Fl., January 1959 (BR!); Thonet 110, Lac Tumba (00.46S:20.06E) Fl., October 30, 1957 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Troupin 2658, Parc National de Garamba (04.10N:29.28E) sterile, May 21, 1952 (BR!); Troupin 9162, Kavumu-Walikele (01.28S:28.48E) Fl., September 11, 1958 (BR!); Vandenbrand 238, sterile, s.d. (BR!); Vanderyst 2781, Kikwit (05.02S:18.48E) sterile, January 1914 (BR!); Vanderyst 4906, Dumu (03.20N:18.18E) sterile, August 1914 (BR!); Vanderyst 12664, Fl., November 1922 (BR!); Vanderyst 30729, Wula to Kipako, juvenile (May 1932) BR!; ANGOLA: Gossweiler 10087, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) Fl., 1923 (K!); Gossweiler 6645, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) Fl., 1923 (K!); Gossweiler 7844, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, 1919 (K!); Gossweiler 8129, Mayombe, Luali (05.00S:12.25E) sterile, January 5, 1919 (K!); UGANDA: Dawe 668, Semliki (00.45N:30.00E) sterile, October 31, 1905 (K!); Makombo et al. s.n., Semliki (00.45N:30.00E) sterile, October 24, 1998 (K!); BURUNDI: Lewalle 4016, Kigwena (04.10S:29.32E) sterile, November 9, 1969 (BR!); Lewalle 4414, Kigwena (04.10S:29.32E) Fl., February 1, 1970 (BR!); Reekmans 11180, Kigwena (04.10N:29.30E) Fr., May 13, 1982 (K!, MO!, BR!); TANZANIA: Bidgood & Vollesen 3040, Kigoma to Kasulu road (04.33S:29.52E) sterile, April 1, 1994 (K!); Bidgood et al. 2924, Kigoma: Kasye forest (04.47S:29.40E) sterile, March 23, 1994 (K!); Eggeling 6207, 30 miles S <strong>of</strong> Kibondo (03.34S:30.46E) sterile, July 1951 (K!); Proctor 470, Western Province, Mpanda (06.22S:31.03E) Fl., May 1956 (K!); Proctor 369, Western Province, Mbuti River (04.53S:38.29E) sterile, February 1955 (K!) ______________________________________ 85
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
- Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
- Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
- Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
- Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
- Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
- Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
- Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
- Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
- Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
- Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
- Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
- Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
- Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
- Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
- Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
- Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
- Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
- Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
- Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
- Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
- Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
- Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
- Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
- Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
- Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
- Page 83: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
- Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
- Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
- Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
- Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
- Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
- Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
- Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
- Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
- Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
- Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
- Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
- Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
- Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
- Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
- Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
- Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
- Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
- Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
- Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
- Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
- Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
- Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
- Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
- Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
- Page 205 and 206:
Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
- Page 207 and 208:
Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
- Page 213 and 214:
Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
- Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
- Page 226 and 227:
1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
- Page 228 and 229:
taxonomies are included in (or affi
- Page 230 and 231:
taxa (standing palms) within their
- Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
- Page 234 and 235:
For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
- Page 238 and 239:
intermediate categories for African
- Page 240 and 241:
hoped that any future development o
- Page 242 and 243:
242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
- Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
- Page 250 and 251:
forest products (see Box 3) these a
- Page 252 and 253:
Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
- Page 254 and 255:
aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
- Page 256 and 257:
7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
- Page 264 and 265:
service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
- Page 280 and 281:
of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
- Page 282 and 283:
Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
- Page 286 and 287:
forest products, such as rattan for
- Page 288 and 289:
from the informal forest economy an
- Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
- Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
- Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
- Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
- Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
- Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
- Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
- Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
- Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
- Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
- Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
- Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
- Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
- Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
- Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
- Page 322 and 323:
and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
- Page 326 and 327:
also a strong binding material (Rus
- Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
- Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.