list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to consumption systems approach: lessons from the bamboo and rattan sectors in Asia. In: E. Wollenberg and A. Ingles (eds). Incomes from the forest: methods for the development and conservation of forest products for local communities. CIFOR/IUCN. pp 57-84 Bentham, G. & J.D. Hooker. 1883. Genera Plantarum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Bentley, B.L. 1976. Plants bearing extrafloral nectaries and the associated ant community: interhabitat differences in the reduction of herbivore damage. Ecology. 57: 815-820. Bentley, B.L. 1977. Extrafloral nectaries and protection by pugnacious bodyguards. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8: 407-427. Bequaert, J. 1922. Ants and their diverse relations to the plant world. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 333-621. Berhaut, J. 1988. Flore illustrée du Sénégal: monocotylédons et ptéridophytes. Gouvernment du Sénégal. Dakar. Berlin, B. 1973. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Sys. 4: 259-271. Berlin, B. 1977. The concept of rank in ethnobiological classification: some evidence from Aguarana folk biology. Amer. Ethno. 3: 381-399. Berlin, B. 1992. Ethnobiological classification. Princeton University Press. pp 335. Berlin, B., D.E. Breedlove & P.H. Raven. 1973. General principles of classification and nomenclature in folk biology. Amer. Anthro. 75 (1): 214-242. Bhat, K.M. 1991. A guide to an understanding of rattan structure and behaviour. RIC Handbook No. 3. pp 17. 292
Bhat, K.M., C. Renuka, C. & P.K. Thulasidas. 1988. The occurrence of multiple perforation plates in the vessel elements of Calamus (Lepidocaryoideae). Curr. Sci. 57: 1027-1028. Bhat, K. M and Verghese, M. 1989. The anatomical basis for the physical behaviour of rattans. I.A.W.A. Bull. 10(3): 21-25 Bøgh, A. 1996. Abundance and growth of rattans in Khao Chong National Park, Thailand. For. Ecol. & Man. 84: 71-80. Bokwe, A. & D. Ngatoum. 1994. Rapport de la mission: effectuée autour de Mont Cameroun relatif au recensement de certains especes des produits forestiere secondaires en voie de disparition. (Unpubl.) report to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MINEF). Boom, B. 1987. Ethnobotany of the Chácobo Indians, Beni, Bolivia. Adv. Econ. Bot. 4: 1-68 Bouquet, A, & M. Debray. 1974. Plantes médicinales de la Côte d’Ivoire. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM. pp 32. Brenan, J.P.M. 1978. Some aspects of the phytogeography of tropical Africa. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 65: 437-478. Brown, C. 1977. Folk botanical life forms: their universality and growth. Amer. Anthro. 79: 317-342. Brown, W.L. 1973. A comparison of the hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: B.J. Meggars, E.S. Ayensu & W.D. Duckworth (eds.) Tropical forest ecosystems of Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington DC. pp 161-177. Brown, N.D. & T. Whitmore. 1992. Do Dipterocarp seedlings really partition tropical rainforest gaps? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 335: 369-378 293
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247: Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249: Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251: forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253: Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255: aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257: 7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259: 7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261: the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263: Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265: service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267: Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269: enefits rattan brings, those artisa
Page 270 and 271: from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273: Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275: such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277: press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279: Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281: of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283: Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285: clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287: forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289: from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 294 and 295: Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297: Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299: Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301: Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303: Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305: Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307: Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309: Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311: Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313: Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315: Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317: Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319: Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321: APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323: and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325: E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327: also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329: (unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331: L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333: The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335: A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337: O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339: Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341: Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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