list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko. [in press]. Rattan as a sustainable cottage industry in ghana: the need for development interventions. In: T.C.H. Sunderland & J.P. Profizi (eds). New research on African rattans. INBAR. Beijing. Padoch, C. 1987. The economic importance and marketing of forest and fallow products in the Iquitos region. In: W.M. Denevan & C. Padoch (eds). Swidden-fallow agroforesty in the Peruvian Amazon. Adv. Econ. Bot. 5: 74-89 Padoch, C. 1992. Marketing of non-timber forest products in Western Amazonia: general observations and research priorities. In: D.C. Nepstad & S. Schwartzman (eds). Non-timber products from tropical forests: evaluation of a conservation and development strategy. Adv. Econ. Bot. 9: 43-50 Pannell, C.M. & F. White. 1988. Patterns of speciation in Africa, Madagascar and the tropical Far East: regional faunas and cryptic evolution in vertebrate-dispersed plants. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Miss. Bot. Gar. 25: 639-659 Peluso, N.L. 1992. The rattan trade in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: D.C. Nepstad & S. Schwartzman (eds). Non-timber products from tropical forests: evaluation of a conservation and development strategy. Adv. Econ. Bot. 9: 115-127 Peters, C.M. 1996. Beyond nomenclature and use: a review of ecological methods for ethnobotanists. In: M.N. Alexiades (ed). 1996. Selected guidelines for ethnobotanical research. New York Botanical Garden. Bronx. New York. pp 214-276 Peters, C.M. 1999. Ecological research for sustainable non-wood forest product exploitation: an overview. In: T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark & P. Vantomme (eds). The non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Rome. pp 19-36 Philip, M.S. 1994 Measuring trees and forests (2 nd ed). CABI Publishing. pp 151-169 310
Phillips, O. & A.H. Gentry. 1993. The useful plants of Tambopata, Paru: I statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Econ. Bot. 47(1): 15-32 Phillips, O., A.H. Gentry, C. Reybal, P. Wilkin & C. Gálvez-Durand. 1994. Quantitative ethnobotany and Amazonian conservation. Cons. Biol. 8(1): 225-248 Pinard, M.A., F.E. Putz & J. Tay. 2000. Lessons learned from the implementation of reduced logging in hilly terrain in Sabah, Malaysia. Int. For. Rev. 2(1): 33-39 Pokam Wadja, K. 1987. Artisants et commerce de detail a New Bell, Douala, Cameroon. (Unpubl.) MSc thesis. University of Yaounde, Cameroon. Prance, G.T., W. Balée, B.M. Boom & R.L. Carneiro. 1987. Quantitative ethnobotany and the case for conservation in Amazonia. Cons. Biol. 1(4): 296-310 Prance, G.T., H. Beentje, J. Dransfield & R. Johns. 2000. The tropical flora remains undercollected. Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard. 87: 67-71 Profizi, J.P. 1986. Notes on West African rattans. RIC Bulletin. 5(1): 1-3 Profizi, J.P. 1999. The management of forest resources by local people and the state in Gabon. In: T.C.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark & P. Vantomme (eds). The non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Rome. pp 133-138 Profizi, J.P. & J.P. Makita-Madzou. 1996. Utilisations des Arecaceae (Palmiers) au Congo par les Téké Tsaaya. In: A. Froment, I. de Garine, C. Binam Bikoi & J.F. Loung (eds). Bien manger et bein vivre: anthroplogie alimentaire et développement en Afrique intertropicale, du biologique au social. Coalition ORSTOM & l’Harmattan. France. pp 123-132 Pyneart, L. 1911. Les palmiers utilés. Bull. Agric. Congo Belg. 2: 535-552 311
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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Page 264 and 265: service. Unemployment increased fro
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Page 272 and 273: Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275: such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277: press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279: Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281: of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283: Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285: clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287: forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289: from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293: Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295: Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297: Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299: Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301: Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303: Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305: Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307: Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309: Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 312 and 313: Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315: Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317: Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319: Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321: APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323: and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325: E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327: also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329: (unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331: L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333: The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335: A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337: O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339: Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341: Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343: Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345: Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347: Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349: Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351: APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
Page 352 and 353: a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355: APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357: DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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