list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Cameroon hinterland are well-known for their high levels of endemism and speciation (Cheek et al., 1992; Thomas, 1994; Cable and Cheek, 1998) and these forests are postulated to represent a Pleistocene refuge of some significance (Brenan, 1978; Hamilton, 1981; Pannel and White, 1988; White, 1993; Maley, 1996; Robbrecht, 1996; Sosef, 1996; Morat and Lowry, 1997). Table 6. Floristic similarity between the sample sites (all species) Sorenson’s coefficient 8 Jaccard’s coefficient 9 Mokoko Campo Takamanda Mokoko - 0.609 0.560 Campo 0.757 - 0.818 Takamanda 0.718 0.900 - 3.6.2 Rattan diversity and similarity It is speculated that, to a certain degree, rattan diversity is positively correlated to overall species diversity (Dransfield, 1979; Dransfield, 1992b). The results of this study provide evidence to support this hypothesis. The Mokoko FR shows the greatest diversity of rattan species (Shannon-Weaver index H = 1.09) followed by the Takamanda FR (H = 1.01) and the Campo FR (H = 0.31). From these results, it is clear that there is a strong positive correlation between overall floristic diversity and rattan diversity (Pearsons correlation analysis r = 0.849, P < 0.01). In this respect, and in the African context, preliminary study of the rattan diversity of an area may indeed prove to be a reliable indicator of overall species diversity. In terms of floristic similarity, however, the affinities between the rattan flora are closer between Mokoko and Takamanda, and Mokoko and Campo, with very few species shared between Takamanda and Campo. This is in contrast to the similarities in the wider vegetation presented above. Although it is not clear why this might be the case, the evolutionary history of the palm flora in Africa (as discussed in Chapter 1) may account for these affinities. However, unlike the vegetation as a whole, the 7 Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index: H = -xpi 1n pi where p is the proportion of a particular species in a sample which is multiplied by the natural logarithm of itself. H is derived by summing the product for all the species in a sample (Hayak and Buzas, 1997). 8 Sorenson’s coefficient: CN = 2jN / (aN+bN), where aN is the number of individuals in site A, bN is the number of individuals in site B and jN is the sum of the lower of the two abundances of species which occur at the two sites (Hayak and Buzas, 1997). 9 Jaccard’s coefficient: Cj = j / (a=b-j), where j is the number of species common to both sites, a is the number of species in site A, and b is the number of species in site B (Fowler et al., 1998). 188
sampling of the rattan population, by either quantitative or qualitative methods, may not have been sufficiently intensive for any firm conclusions to be made in this respect. Table 7. Floristic similarity between the sample sites (rattan species) Sorenson’s coefficient Jaccard’s coefficient Mokoko Campo Takamanda Mokoko - 0.429 0.450 Campo 0.600 - 0.143 Takamanda 0.598 0.250 - Table 8. Comparison of rattan stocking by site Species Campo Mokoko Takamanda Mean no. Mean stem Mean no. Mean stem Mean no. Mean stem individuals / (harvestabl individuals / (harvestable) individuals / (harvestable) ha –1 e) m / ha –1 ha –1 m / ha –1 ha –1 m / ha -1 Laccosperma opacum 47 - 92 - 47 - L. robustum 87 1,181 (305) - - - - L. secundiflorum - - 42 316 (80) 330 1,011 (256) Eremospatha macrocarpa - - 4 169 (63) 134 435 (184) E. hookeri 3 - 4 - - - E. tessmanniana - - - 3 - E. wendlandiana - - 2 - - - Oncocalamus mannii 5 - - - - - Totals = 142 1,181 (305) 144 485 (143) 514 1,446 (440) Results of No. of Sum of square df Mean Square F value Pr (F) Analysis of individuals Site 657.00 2 328.5 6.750 0.266 * Variance Residuals 50.00 5 12.89 (ANOVA) Total stem Sum of square df Mean Square F value Pr (F) length Site 36486.864 2 18243.432 7.764 0.246 * Residuals 2349.886 5 327.89 Notes: df = degrees of freedom; F value = value of the test; Pr (F) = probability of error; * = probability of error at P
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174: clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198: the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200: feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202: the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204: latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206: Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208: Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210: Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212: (Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214: Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216: Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218: the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220: CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221: The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225: Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227: 1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229: taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231: taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233: Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235: For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237: Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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