list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Calamus (subgen. Ancistrophyllum) secundiflorus G. Mann & H. Wendl. Trans. Linn. Soc. 24: 432 (1864). Calamus secundiflorus P. Beauv. in Fl. D’Oware et de Benin 1:15, t9, 10 (1805); Hook. in Fl. Nigr. 526: (1849); Durand & Schinz. in Consp. Fl. Afr. 5: 456 & Etude. Fl. de l’Etat Ind. du Congo 17: (1896); Durand & Durand in Fl. Cong. 1: 584 (1909); Pyneart in Bull. Agr. Congo Belge. 2: 550 (1911); Type: Nigeria (Benin) (Palisot de Beauvois s.n. (holotype G! (Herb. de Candolle)). Laccosperma laurentii (De Wild.) J. Dransf. in Kew Bull. 37(30): 456 (1982). Ancistrophyllum laurentii De Wild. in Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux. 5: 148 (1916); synon. nov. Type: DR Congo, Laurent s.n. (holotype BR!). Laccosperma majus (Burr.) J. Dransf. in Kew Bull. 37(30): 456 (1982) Ancistrophyllum majus Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 747 (1942); synon. nov. Type: Bioko, Equatorial Guinea, Mildbraed 6873 (holotype B†; isotype HBG†). Clustering moderate to robust palm, climbing to 25-50 m. Stems without sheaths 20- 25 mm in diameter; with 30-35 mm; internodes 18-35 cm long. Leaf sheath dark green, lightly striate, moderately to sparsely armed with black-tipped finely triangular, upward-pointing or spreading spines; sheaths on upper portion of stem more sparsely armed; sparse black indumentum present on mature sheaths; ocrea 25-35 cm long, dry, often tattering, gradually tapering at the apex, dark tan coloured without, shiny dark brown to dull maroon within, armed as the sheath, spines concentrated at apex. Leaves up to 3.5 m long; petiole 30-60 cm long, 1.5-1.8 cm wide, commonly at 45-60° angle to the sheath, light to mid-green to straw coloured often with scattered brown indumentum below, abaxially rounded, adaxially concave, becoming flattened, somewhat rectangular in cross section distally, armed along the margins with inequidistant black-tipped spines up to 1.8 cm long, angular, spreading in many directions; rachis up to 1.2-1.5m long, hexagonal in cross section proximally becoming trapezoid then rounded in cross section distally, armed as the petiole, spines becoming increasingly short and more sparse distally; cirrus up to 1.5-1.8m long, armed on the underside with inequidistant, reflexed, black-tipped spines, with sparse 120
own indumentum below; leaflets composed of 2-4-folds, 25-40 on each side of the rachis, equidistant, often variable in width, arching from the rachis, not strictly pendulous, sigmoid, elongate, leaflet apex very finely acuminate with tip often breaking off, 35-45 cm long x 3-8 cm broad at the widest point, concolorous or somewhat discolorous with a darker green adaxial surface, leaflet margin armed with fine to robust, 1-2 mm-long, forward-facing, equidistant black-tipped spines, 1,2 or 3 costulate, each vein armed as the leaflet margin; acanthophylls, up to 4 cm long. Inflorescences, numbering 6-10, produced simulataneously in the distal 1-1.8 m portion of stem; peduncle 15-20 cm long; prophyll 8-10 cm; rachis branches 25-35 cm long, perpendicular to the main axis; rachis bracts 2.5-3 cm long, decreasing distally, dry, often tattering, tapering to form an elongate acutely triangular lobe on the abaxial side, closely adpressed to the bract above, covered with a dense brown indumetum; rachillae 15-25 cm long, pendulous, densely covered with imbricate bracts c.7 mm long, dry and triangular at apex, each with a wide opening and a 1.5 mm-long apiculum. Flowers at anthesis 1-1.2 cm x 3.0-3.5 mm; calyx 5-5.5 mm long, excluding angular 3 mm-long stalk, 3-3.5 mm wide, dark tan coloured, tubular in the basal 1.5-2 mm, with 3 longitudinally-striate or mottled rounded to bluntly triangular lobes ± 4.5 mm x 3 mm; corolla tubular in the basal 1 mm only, with 3 valvate lobes, white or pale cream, longitudinally striate or mottled, ± 9 mm x 2 mm with a bluntly acuminate tip; stamen filaments dark brown, 4 mm x 1 mm, united into a 2 mm-long basal tube; anthers 3 mm x 1 mm; ovary c.1 mm in diameter, stigma up to 5 mm long. Fruit ovoid, 1.8-2 cm x 1.3-1.5 cm, with 18-22 vertical rows of scales. Seed smooth, ovoid, 1-1.2 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide, 0.5-0.7 mm deep, lightly flattened on one side. 121
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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