list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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(05.29N:02.29W) sterile, December 30, 1953 (GC!); Adams 2214, Enchi (05.29N:02.29W) sterile, December 30, 1953 (GC!); Enti 1914, Ankasa F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) Fl., January 30, 1979 (MO!, WAG!); Hall 42605, Ankasa F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) Fl., February 14, 1971 (MO!); Hall s.n., Ankasa River F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) Fl., February 12, 1971 (GC!); Irvine 4861, Kade Agricultural Research Station (06.05N:00.50W) sterile, June 1961 (K!); Irvine 4873, Kade Agricultural Research Station (06.05N:00.50W) sterile, June 1961 (K!); Irvine 4886, Kade Agricultural Research Station (06.05N:00.50W) sterile, June 1961 (K!); Johnson s.n., Aburi (05.51N:00.10W) Fr., February 25, 1901 (K!); Kisseadoo 441, Bobiri F.R. (06.38N:01.17W) sterile, November 10, 1988 (MO!); Moore & Enti 9887, Ankasa River F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) sterile, March 4, 1971 (GC!); Moore & Enti 9891, Ankasa River F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) Fl., March 4, 1971 (GC!); Moore & Enti 9893, Ankasa River F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) Fl., March 4, 1971 (GC!); Sunderland 2260, Draw River Forest Reserve (05.12N:02.20W) sterile, May 26, 1999 (K!, KUM!); Sunderland 2264, Draw River Forest Reserve (05.12N:02.20W) sterile, May 26, 1999 (K!, KUM!); Tomlinson s.n., Bobiri F.R. (06.38N:01.17W) sterile, December 20, 1957 (GC!); Vigne 1829, Juasso (06.32N:01.06W) Fl., February 28, 1938 (K!, KUM!); Vigne 4858, Kumasi District (06.40N:01.39W) Fl., May 30, 1945 (K!, KUM!, BR!); West- Skinn 11, Juasso (06.32N:01.06W) juvenile, 1957 (K!); BENIN: Aufsess 425, Adjarra (06.32N:05.52E) sterile, December 6, 1988 (K!); Aufsess 426, Adjarra (06.32N:05.52E) sterile, December 6, 1988 (K!); Aufsess 429, Adjarra (06.32N:05.52E) sterile, December 6, 1988 (K!); NIGERIA: Daramola & Adebusuyi 38415, Kabba Province, Kotokerifi (08.08N:06.44N) Fr., October 24, 1958 (K!); Jones & Onochie 17237, Oma & Shasha F.R.'s (07.07N:04.23E) Fr., April 4, 1946 (K!, BR!); Letter 8224, Ikan, sterile, 1904 (K!); Lowe 2793, 40 miles SE of Benin City (05.59N:06.07E) juvenile, March 28, 1974 (K!); Maggs 159, Kwa Falls near Calabar (04.59N:08.20E) juvenile, August 26, 1948 (K!); Mann 2330, Cross River (05.15N:08.42E) Fl., February 1863 (K!); Morakinyo 1003, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) seedling, August 15, 1993 (K!); Morakinyo 1004, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) Fr., August 18, 1993 (K!); Niger Company s.n., Oban rubber estate Calabar (05.02N:08.21E) sterile, December 15, 1991 (K!); Nwambin & Tuley 603, Ojo road (08.19N:04.14E) juvenile, May 4, 1964 (K!); Onochie & Jones FHI 17332, Afi River F.R., Fr., May 28, 1946 (FHO!); Thomas 338, Agola District, sterile, 1911 (K!); Tuley 1076, Ikom to Obudu road (06.04N:08.56E) sterile, December 10, 1964 (K!); Tuley 1077, Ikom to Obudu road (06.04N:08.56E) seedling, August 24, 1976 (K!); Tuley 650, Aban Rubber Estate (07.36N:08.56E) Fr., July 12, 1964 (K!, WAG!); Unwin 109, southern Nigeria, Fr., July 28, 1907 (K!); CAMEROON: Asonganyi 729, Tissongo, 16km EES of Mouanko (03.24N:09.50E) Fl., January 20, 1984 (YA!); Brunt 137, Ndop Plain (05.47N:10.15E) seedling, March 5, 1962 (YA!); Brunt 207, Ndop Plain (05.47N:10.15E) sterile, March 21, 1962 (K!); Dransfield 7005, Mile 45, Buea-Kumba road (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, June 28, 1991 (K!, SCA!); Dransfield 7002, Mungo River Crossing (04.08N:09.31E) juvenile, June 27, 1991 (K!); Etuge 1393, Mount Kupe (04.46N:09.41E) sterile, November 5, 1995 (SCA!); Faden & Mbama 86/60, Kribi- Ebolowa road (02.51N:10.00E) sterile, January 31, 1986 (YA!); Harris 2456, 34km W of Nguti (05.00N:09.00E) sterile, August 27, 1990 (K!); Harris 2471, 35km W`of Nguti (05.00N:09.00E) sterile, August 27, 1990 (K!); Harris & Payne 2470, 35km W`of Nguti (05.00N:09.00E) sterile, August 29, 1990 (K!); Letouzey 8465, 10km SE of Sangmelima (02.55N:11.58E) Fl. & Fr., November 24, 1966 78
(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo (03.34N:09.53E) Fl. only, January 4, 1974 (YA!); Letouzey 13843, 10km N of Nguti (05.23N:09.23E) Fr., June 15, 1975 (YA!); Meijer 15221, Sangmelima (02.55N:11.58E) sterile, March 24, 1981 (K!, WAG!, YA!); Meijer 15251, Dja Forest Reserve (03.00N:12.40E) sterile, March 25, 1981 (K!); Njingum 7, Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, August 5, 1999 (K!); Raynal 9785, 17km SW Ambam (02.21N:11.12E) sterile, February 18, 1963 (YA!); Sunderland 1702, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1704, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 8, 1995 (K!, SCA!, NY!, WAG!); Sunderland 1713, Onge River valley (04.21N:08.57E) sterile, November 23, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1717, Kumba to Mamfe road (05.02N:09.24E) sterile, December 1, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1720, 30km north of Mamfe (05.58N:09.20E) juvenile, December 2, 1995 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1721, 30km north of Mamfe (05.58N:09.20E) Fl., December 2, 1995 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1730, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) seedling, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1742, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1758, Limbe - Kumbe road: Mile 40 (04.23N:09.26E) juvenile, November 11, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 1767, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) juvenile, November 24, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1802, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) Fl., March 24, 1997 (K!, YA!, NY!, WAG!); Sunderland 1807, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) sterile, April 8, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, MO!); Sunderland 1856, 20km south of Kribi (02.34N:09.50E) Fr., August 30, 1997 (K!, YA!, NY!, WAG!); Sunderland 1881, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) Fl., November 26, 1997 (K!, SCA!, NY!, MO!); Sunderland 1883, Kumba to Mamfe road (05.02N:09.24E) juvenile, November 26, 1997 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1886, 30km south of Kribi (02.48N:09.43E) Fl., November 28, 1997 (K!, YA!, NY!, BR!); Sunderland 1937, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 17, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1999, 15km north of Nguti on Mamfe road (05.23N:09.23E) Fl., January 6, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2042, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 13, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2043, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 13, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2057, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 18, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2252, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Thomas 8182, 15km W of Manyemen (05.10N:09.15E) sterile, August 29, 1988 (MO!); Thomas 10058, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.25N:09.02E) sterile, May 22, 1994 (SCA!); van Gemerden BL, Ebom II (03.04N:10.43E) sterile, March 11, 1997 (K!); CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Fay 7018, N'Dele-Pata road (08.08N:21.08E) Fr., May 30, 1985 (MO!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Lisowski 1263, Mbini (02.00N:09.45E) juvenile, September 1997 (EG!); Sunderland 1797, 2km north of Ayemeken (02.10N:10.03E) juvenile, March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!); Sunderland 1800, 1km north of Ayemeken (02.10N:10.03E) sterile, March 13, 1997 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1874, 2km SW of village of Angoma (02.03N:10.10E) seedling, September 15, 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!, MO!); Sunderland 1901, 10km south of Bata (01.45N:09.43E) sterile, March 20, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1918, 2km WSW of village of Basilé (01.10N:09.50E) juvenile, April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); DR CONGO: Bequaert 7895, Katala (08.35S:25.16E) Fr., June 28, 1915 (BR!); Dewevre 639, Fl., s.d. (BR!); Dewulf 526, 79
Page 1 and 2:
THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355:
APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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