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Figure 119. Woven basket products made from Eremospatha macrocarpa on sale on the Mbalmayo to Yaounde road Figure 120. Finished rattan furniture for sale in Bata, Equatorial Guinea 271
CHAPTER EIGHT A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE RATTAN TRADE IN AFRICA 8.1 THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CONTEXT The international trade in rattan dates from the mid-19 th century (Corner, 1966) and this trade is currently worth an estimated $US 6.5 billion a year (ITTO, 1997). A conservative estimate of the domestic markets of SE Asia alone by Manokaran (1990) suggests a net worth of $US 2.5 billion. This latter market includes the value of goods in urban markets and rural trade, as well as the value of the rural usage of the material and products. Dransfield and Manokaran (1994) estimate that 0.7 billion of the world’s population use, or are involved in, the trade of rattan and rattan products. By the 1970s, Indonesia had become the supplier of about 90% of the world’s cane, with the majority of this going to Singapore for processing and conversion (from which Singapore earned more than US$21 million / annum). In 1977, Hong Kong imported some $US26 million of rattan and rattans products which, after conversion, was worth over US$68 million in export value. By comparison, Indonesia’s share of the trade, mainly of unprocessed canes, was a mere US$15 million (Manokaran, 1990). In the last twenty years the international trade in rattan and rattan products has undergone rapid expansion. By the late 1980’s, the combined value of exports of Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines alone had risen to an annual figure of almost US$400 million. The net revenues derived from the sale of rattan goods by Taiwan and Hong Kong, where raw and partially finished products were imported and then processed, together totalled around US$200 million / annum by the late 1980s (Manokaran, 1990). During this same period, these same four countries banned the export of rattan, except as finished products. These bans were imposed to stimulate the development of rattanbased industries in each country to ensure that the value of the raw product was increased, and (theoretically) to protect the wild resource. Recently, however, the economic recession that has hit many countries in SE Asia has meant that countries 273
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221: The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225: Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227: 1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229: taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231: taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233: Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235: For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237: Box 2. The structure of vernacular
Page 238 and 239: intermediate categories for African
Page 240 and 241: hoped that any future development o
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Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247: Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249: Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251: forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253: Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255: aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257: 7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259: 7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261: the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263: Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265: service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267: Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269: enefits rattan brings, those artisa
Page 270 and 271: from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 274 and 275: such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277: press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279: Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281: of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283: Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285: clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287: forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289: from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293: Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295: Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297: Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299: Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301: Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303: Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305: Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307: Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309: Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311: Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313: Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315: Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317: Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319: Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321: APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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