list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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(00.44S:19.12E) Fr., April 18, 1958 (BR!); Germain 210, Lileko, river Yoko (00.48S:19.34E) stam., February 28, 1940 (BR!); Hart 633, Epulu, Ituri forest (01.25M:28.35E) stam., September 8, 1986 (MO!, BR!); Hoier s.n., Parc National de Albert (00.46S:29.17E) pist., January, 1930 (BR!); Laurent 981, Limbuku, Fr., March 16, 1906 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Machofa, Fr. December 17, 1898 (BR!); Laurent s.n., Sankuru (04.03S:22.32E) pist., November 18, 1903 (BR!); Laurent s.n., stam., 1903 (BR!); Lejoly 2912, Ubundu (00.26S:25.28E) stam., March 12, 1978 (BR!); Leonard 832, Eala, on banks of the Ikelemba (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., October 14, 1946 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Louis 15541, between Lisala and Ukaturaka (02.14N:21.33E) Fr. July 13, 1939 (K!, BR!); Louis 16796, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., November 17, 1943 (BR!); Luja 234, sterile, s.d. ( BR!); Malaisse 9453, Kando (10.49S:25.44E) sterile, February 22, 1978 (WAG!, BR!); Malaisse 11907, between Kyamasumba and Buzange, sterile, September 20, 1981 (MO!, WAG!); Malaisse 13889, Kibwe (08.19S:29.04E) stam., July 12, 1986 (BR!); Mandango 2977, Ile Mbo near Lubutu (00.44S:26.34E) Fr., May 13, 1981 (BR!); Noirfalise 664, Parc National de la Garamba (04.10N:29.28E) Fr., August 4, 1950 (BR!); Robyns 3250, Parc National de la Garamba (04.10N:29.28E) sterile, July 25, 1948 (BR!); Sapin s.n., Milangala, sterile, Febuary 1910 (BR!); Schweinfurthii 2860, Manselli, sterile, October 1893 (K!); Troupin 296, Parc National de la Garamba (04.10N:29.28E) sterile, March 5, 1982 (BR!); Vanderyst 12343, Luenge (06.28S:26.14E) seedling, August 1922 (BR!); Vanderyst 21843, seedling s.d. (BR!); ANGOLA: Gossweiler 13644, Luachima, NE of Luanda (07.53S:14.05E) pist. & Fr., May 1938 (K!); SUDAN: Andrews 1291, Equatoria Province, stam., May 28, 1937 (K!); Jackson 3406, Equatoria Province, Yambio (04.34N:28.23E) Fr., 1950 (FHO!); Myers 6757, Mt Ameringi, sterile, May 28, 1937 (K!); Myers 11334, Equatoria Province, stam., May 17, 1939 (K!); UGANDA: Dawe 149, Mabira forest (00.30N:33.00E) sterile, 1904 (K!); Eggeling 1626, Budongo Forest (07.40N:31.32E) pist., February 1935 (K!, FHO!); Katende 702, Nyabisabu River, Budongo (07.40N:31.32E) Fl., October 17, 1970 (K!); Katende 2783, Budongo Forest (07.40N:31.32E) stam., September 17, 1977 (MO!); Poulson 969, Budongo Forest (07.40N:31.32E) pist., September 18, 1995 (K!) 158
MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of collections held in herbaria are comprised of material of more than one species, although included within a single accession. These collections are not included within the exsiccatae for each taxa and have been determined as follows: GHANA: Chipp, 127; Yenalim, Ashanti region, stam. inflorescence of C. deërratus & leaflets of Laccosperma sp., May 7, 1912 (K!, KUM!); Irvine 5067, Aiyinase (05.18N:01.58W) July 1961, juvenile leaflet of E. macrocarpa & leaflets of L. secundiflorum (K!); NIGERIA: Dunstan s.n., southern Nigeria, leaflets of L. secundiflorum & C. deërratus, October 27, 1904 (K!); Gentry & Pilz 32873, Cross River State (05.15N:08.42E) leaflets of O. tuleyi & E. macrocarpa, June 20, 1981 (K!, MO!); Otedoh & Tuley 7253, between Warri and Sapele (06.04N:05.29E) sheath & leaflets of L. robustum, sheath of E. macrocarpa, August 18, 1972 (K!); CAMEROON: Bruneau 1116, Lolodorf (03.05N:10.25E) leaflets of L. robustum & E. macrocarpa, October 31, 1995 (K!); DR CONGO: Gillet 167, Kipapashi, leaflets of E. haullevilleana & infructescence of L. opacum, 1903 (BR!); Moureau- Cheauvard 129, Lac Tumba (00.46S:20.06E) leaflets of L. secundiflorum & flowers of Eremospatha sp., November 5, 1957 (BR!); Nannan 66, Ikelemba river, leaflet of Oncocalamus sp. & stems of Draceana, August 26, 1914 (K!, BR!) 159
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
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Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190: sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198: the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200: feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202: the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204: latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206: Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208: Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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