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The present treatment recognises twenty species within the four genera (two of which are described for the first time), two imperfectly known species, 32 synonyms and 6 nomina nuda, invalid or unpublished names as such. 2.3. THE WIDER TAXONOMIC PICTURE The Palmae is split into six sub-families (Dransfield and Uhl, 1986; Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). The second-largest sub-family, the Calamoideae, is easily recognised by the presence of a scaly pericarp. Worldwide, there are estimated to be 650 species within the Calamoideae belonging to twenty-two genera (Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). The Calamoideae is almost exclusively an Old World tribe (Moore, 1973) and the majority of the Calamoid taxa occur in the humid tropical forests of south and SE Asia, Malesia, and the west Pacific. The sub-family is further split into two tribes, the Calameae (which includes the Old World members of the tribe) and the Lepidocaryeae (which are represented by the New World palms). The Calameae is further separated into eight sub-tribes (Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). In Africa, the Calamoideae is represented by five genera: Calamus, Eremospatha, Laccosperma, Oncocalamus and Raphia (Moore & Uhl, 1982; Uhl and Dransfield, 1987). These genera currently represent four sub-tribes within the Calamoideae (ibid.); the genus Calamus falls within the Calamineae, Raphia within the Raphiinae, the genera Laccosperma and Eremospatha within the Ancistrophyllinae and Oncocalamus within the Oncocalaminae (ibid.). Moore & Uhl (1982), followed by Uhl and Dransfield (1987) placed the Ancistrophyllinae and the Oncocalaminae at almost opposite ends of the tribe Calameae on the basis of their divergent floral characters, despite their close vegetative similarities, as discussed above. However, recent cladistic analysis has determined that, despite the variation in the reproductive structure, the two sub-tribes are much more closely related than previously thought (Baker et al., 1999a; 1999c; 1999d). In addition, the relationship between the African rattans and the other climbing palms is not at all close (Baker et al., 1999b). This is unsurprising, given the biogeographical and morphological differences between the two groups but this 44
evidence suggests that the climbing habit has evolved within the Calamoideae on at least two occasions (Baker et al., 1999b; Lewis et al., 2000). The major relationships within the Calamoideae highlighted by Baker et al. (1999a; 1999c; 1999d) are distinctly influenced by biogeographical considerations. As such, strong relationships are known occur between the Ancistrophyllinae and the Oncocalaminae 6 , the predominantly African Raphiinae and the Neotropical Lepidocaryeae. Indeed these form distinct clade of African-American palms within the Calamoideae. Figure 8. Schematic tree showing the relationships within the Calamoideae (Baker et al., in press) Key E Eugeissona AR African rattans R Raphia L Lepidocaryeae ES Eleiodoxa-Salacca P Pigafetta M Metroxylinae Pl Plectocomiinae CR Rattans of the Calaminae 45 OUTGROUP 6 A revision of Genera Palmarum is currently in preparation. In light of the research cited, this revision may place the Ancistrophyllinae and the Oncocalaminae much closer together within the Calameae, or may include them in a single sub-tribe (Dransfield, pers. comm.). E AR L ES M R P Pl CR The African- American Clade The Asian Clade
Page 1 and 2: THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4: The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231:
taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251:
forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269:
enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279:
Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281:
of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283:
Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287:
forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289:
from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327:
also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333:
The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341:
Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343:
Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345:
Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351:
APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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