list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Specimens examined SIERRA LEONE: Gledhill 309, Lake Soufon, sterile, February 14, 1966 (K!, GC!); Scott-Elliot 4442, Mofani, sterile, January 12, 1892 (K!); Small 832, Kambui Hills (07.05N:11.20W) sterile, November 4, 1952 (K!); GHANA: Hall & Abbiw 45124, Subiri F.R. (05.17N:01.43W) sterile, January 2, 1975 (GC!); Moore & Enti 9888, Ankasa River F.R. (05.15N:02.36W) sterile, March 3, 1971 (GC!); Sunderland 2261, Draw River Forest Reserve (05.12N:02.20W) sterile, May 26, 1999 (K!, KUM!); Tomlinson s.n., Bobiri F.R.(06.38N:01.17W) juvenile, December 20, 1957 (K!); NIGERIA: Ayewoh 3852, Ondo Province, Owo (08.25N:03.20E) juvenile, February 24, 1944 (K!); Maggs 160, Kwa Falls near Calabar (04.59N:08.20E) sterile, August 26, 1948 (K!); Mann 451, River Niger (05.00N:06.00E) Fr., August 1860 (K!); Morakinyo 1005, Cross River National Park (05.15N:08.42E) sterile, August 17, 1993 (K!); Onochie 7706, Obutung forest, Calabar (05.02N:08.21E) sterile, March 2, 1945 (K!); Tuley 651, Oban rubber estate, Calabar (05.02N:08.21E) sterile, July 12, 1964 (K!); CAMEROON: Dinklage 1155, Grand Batanga (02.23N:09.50E) sterile, February 18, 1891 (MO!); Kalbrayer 65, SW Province, sterile, July, 1904 (K!); Sunderland 2302, Korup National Park, Chimpanzee Camp (05.02N:08.48E) sterile, February 15, 2000 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1760, Limbe - Kumbe road: Mile 40 (04.23N:09.26E) sterile, November 11, 1996 (K!, SCA!, WAG!); Sunderland 1801, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) sterile, March 24, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, NY!, MO!, WAG!); Sunderland 1890, 30km south of Kribi (02.48N:09.43E) sterile, December 2, 1997 (K!, YA!, BH!, NY!, MO!, WAG!); Sunderland 2256, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 2257, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!, BR!); Sunderland 2258, Mbanga - Nkongsamba road (04.25N:09.33E) sterile, February 23, 1999 (K!, YA!, BH!, NY!); Thomas 5163, Korup National Park (05.01N:08.51E) sterile, February 20, 1986 (YA!); Thomas 10059, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.25N:09.02E) sterile, May 22, 1994 (SCA!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1906, near village of Njakem (01.42N:09.40E) sterile, March 24, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1917, 2km WSW of village of Basilé (01.10N:09.50E) sterile, April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!); GABON: le Testu s.n., Haute-Ngounye (00.22S:10.27E) sterile, s.d. (BR!); CONGO: Bermejo 88, Parc National d’Odzala (00.36N:14.54E) sterile, 1993 (BR!); Thomas et al. 8944, Bessié village (01.54N:13.56E) sterile, November 23, 1991 (MO!) ______________________________________ E. cabrae (De Wild. & Th. Dur.) De Wild. Captain E. Cabra, Belgian administrator and explorer De Wild. in Ann. Mus. Congo 5(1): 95 (1904); Durand & Durand in Fl. Cong. 1: 585 (1909); De Wild. in Ann. de Mus. Col. de Marseille 3(7): 20 (1919); Chev. in Rev. de 56
Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier in Fl. du Kwango 1: 82 (1948); Walker & Sillans in Plantes Utilès du Gabon 331: (1961); Letouzey in Adan. 18(3): 314 (1978); Tuley in Palms of Africa 45: (1995). Calamus cabrae De Wild. & Th. Dur. in Matér. pour la Fl. de Congo 5: 32 (1897); Baudon in Rev. de Bot. Appl. 4: 595 (1924); Type: DR Congo, Mayombe, Cabra s.n. (holotype BR!). E. rhomboidea Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 747 (1942); synon. nov. Type: Angola, Nkanda Mbaku, Gossweiler 10086 (holotype B†; isotype K!). E. suborbicularis Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 747 (1942); synon. nov. Type: Angola, Nkanda Mbaku, Gossweiler 10088 (holotype B†; isotype K!). Clustering moderate palm climbing to 50 m, more commonly 20-30 m. Stems ± circular in cross-section, without sheaths 10-15 mm in diameter, with to 25 mm; internodes 10-15 cm long. Leaf sheath longitudinally striate, sparsely to moderately armed with black caducous indumentum, particularly concentrated on the apex of the sheath; ocrea entire, somewhat saddle-shaped, with 1-1.5 cm rounded lobe adaxial to the leaf; knee narrow, linear, abrupt, up to 2.5 cm long. Leaves sessile, up to 1.5-2 m long; rachis up to 1 m long, abaxially rounded, adaxially flattened or slightly convex, becoming trapezoid then rounded in cross-section distally, with sparse to moderate black caducous indumentum below, armed along the margins with inequidistant reflexed, bulbous-based, black-tipped spines, becoming more sparsely armed distally; cirrus up to 1 m long, armed as the rachis proximally, becoming unarmed distally; leaflets up to 8-10 on each side of the rachis, obovate to trapeziform, narrowly contracted at the base, irregularly and broadly praemorse at apex, 7-16 cm long x 4-9 cm broad at the widest point, concolorous, somewhat coriaceous, with 8 or more main veins radiating from base, armed along the margins with stout forward and (rarely) reverse-facing angular spines, praemorse apex somewhat ciliate-spiny; lowermost leaflets smaller than the rest, erect or reflexed and laxly swept back across the sheath; 57
Page 1 and 2:
THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4:
The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12: REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122:
own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180:
associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220:
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
Page 242 and 243:
242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247:
Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255:
aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355:
APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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