list of figures - Terry Sunderland

Recommendations

Info

River L'Uele (03.52N:26.28E) Fl., December 20, 1934 (BR!); Holman-Bentley s.n., Upper River Congo, sterile, March 23, 1889 (K!); Hulstaert 864, Bamanga (00.16S:25.32E) Fr., November 1, 1942 (BR!); Hulstaert 1420, Bokela (01.07S:21.55E) juvenile, s.d. (BR!); Laurent s.n., Basounda, sterile, January 10, 1904 (BR!); Laurent s.n., River Kivi, Fr., November 6, 1903 (BR!); Liegeois 86, 28km from Buta (02.47N:24.43E) sterile, July 1943 (BR!); Louis 15489, Bengamisa (00.57N:25.10E) juvenile, July 9, 1939 (BR!); Pauwels 4543, Kimpoko (04.11S:15.34E) sterile, July 4, 1964 (BR!); Sapin s.n., Kasai (10.07S:22.20E) sterile, s.d. (BR!); Sapin s.n., Tshibangu (05.56S:20.54E) Fr., January 1910 (BR!) ______________________________________ E. haullevilleana De Wild. De Wild. in Ann. Mus. Congo, Bot. 5(1): 96 (1904); De Wild. in Miss. Laurent 24: (1905); Durand & Durand in Fl. Cong. 1: 585 (1909); Becc. in Webbia 3: 285 (1910); Pyneart in Bull. Agric. du Congo Belge 2: 547 (1911); De Wild. in Ann. de Mus. Col. de Marseille 3(7): 19 (1919); Staner & Boutique in Mem. l’Inst. Roy. Col. Belge 14: (1937); Guinea-Lopez in Ensayo Geobot. de la Guinea Cont. Espanola 245: (1946); Renier in Fl. du Kwango 1: 82 (1948); J. Dransf. in F.T.E.A. (Palmae) 35: (1986); Kabuye in Monogr. Syst. Bot. Miss Bot. Gard. 25: 360 (1988); Tuley in Palms <strong>of</strong> Africa 45: (1995); Types: DR Congo, Lubamba, Gillet 2026 & Kisantu, Gillet 1385 (syntypes BR!; Gillet 2026 iso-syntype FI!) Clustering slender to moderate palm climbing to 25 m. Stems circular in cross-section, without leaf-sheaths 6-15 mm in diameter, with 10-25 mm; internodes ±15 cm long. Leaf-sheath longitudinally striate, bearing sparse black caducous indumentum; ocrea entire, obliquely truncate, extending to 3-4 cm; knee absent. Juvenile stems up to 15 m long, stem with sheath
and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14 on each side <strong>of</strong> the rachis, sub-opposite to alternate, cuneate, spathulate or ovate with an uneven, moderately to strongly praemorse apex, broadly contracted at the base, 9-24 cm long x 2-6 cm broad at the widest point, concolorous, with ciliate-spiny margins, up to 10 sub-equal main veins, transverse veinlets 1-2 mm distant, moderately prominent; lowermost leaflets smaller than the rest, sometimes reflexed and laxly clasping the stem, or absent entirely; acanthophylls up to 2 cm long, very fine. Inflorescence glabrous, up to 35 cm long; peduncle to 10 cm long; rachis up to 20 cm long, sometimes arching, more commonly straight, erect; rachis bracts up to 2 mm long, broadly acuminate; rachillae distichous, opposite, becoming sub-opposite distally, 7-12 on each side, the lowermost c.7 cm long, decreasing distally, adnate to the inflorescence for 8 mm, less so distally, arching vertically or straight. Flowers borne in close sub-distichous pairs with
Page 1 and 2:
THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4:
The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6:
CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8:
3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12:
REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20:
ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22:
CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24:
Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26:
The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28:
Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132:
Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134:
moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136:
Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138:
often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140:
Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142:
sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144:
Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146:
ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148:
Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150:
CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152:
Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154:
prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156:
Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158:
(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160:
MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164:
Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172:
an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174:
clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176:
3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178:
the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180:
associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182:
the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184:
sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186:
seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188:
Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190:
sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192:
concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194:
Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196:
4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198:
the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200:
feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202:
the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204:
latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206:
Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208:
Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212:
(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214:
Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218:
the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220:
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221:
The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227:
1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229:
taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231:
taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235:
For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237:
Box 2. The structure of vernacular
Page 238 and 239:
intermediate categories for African
Page 240 and 241:
hoped that any future development o
Page 242 and 243:
242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247:
Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251:
forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255:
aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257:
7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259:
7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261:
the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265:
service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269:
enefits rattan brings, those artisa
Page 270 and 271:
from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275:
such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277:
press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279:
Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281:
of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283:
Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285:
clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287:
forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289:
from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323:
and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327:
also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333:
The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335:
A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339:
Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341:
Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343:
Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345:
Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351:
APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
Page 352 and 353:
a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355:
APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
show all

list of figures - Terry Sunderland

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?