list of figures - Terry Sunderland

Recommendations

Info

O. mannii (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. Gustav Mann (1836-1916), German botanist and horticulturist H. Wendl. in Kerchove, Les Palmiers 244: (1878); Drude in Engl. Bot. Jarbh. 21: 111 (1895); C.H. Wright in F.T.A. 7:111 (1902); Becc. in Webbia 3: 265 (1910); Baudon in Rev. de Bot. Appl. 4: 595 (1924); Hédin in Rev. de Bot. Appl. 9: 503 (1929); Guinea-Lopez in Ensayo Geobot. de la Guinea Cont. Espanola 244: (1942); Toml. in Principes 6: 100 (1962); Letouzey in Adansonia 2(18): 314 (1978); Morakinyo in Principes 39(4): 208 (1994); Tuley in Palms of Africa 83: (1995); Aedo et al. Bases Docs. Fl. de Guinea Ecuatorial 375: (1999). Calamus (subgen. Oncocalamus) mannii H. Wendl. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 24: 436 (1864)Type: Gabon, Gaboon River, Mann 1044 (holotype K!). Oncocalamus acanthocnemis Drude in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 11: 133 (1895); Durand & Durand in Fl. Cong. 1: 585 (1909); Holland in Kew Bull. 9: 727 (1922); Hutch. in F.W.T.A. 2: 391 (1936); Dalziel in App. to F.W.T.A. 508: (1937); Guinea-Lopez in Ensayo Geobot. de la Guinea Cont. Espanola 244: (1942); Letouzey in Adansonia 2(18): 314 (1978); Aedo et al. Bases Docs. Fl. de Guinea Ecuatorial 375: (1999); synon. nov. Type: Gabon, Büttner 527 (holotype B†). Oncocalamus phaeobalanus Burr. in Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 15: 748 (1942); Letouzey in Adansonia 2(18): 314 (1978); synon. nov. Type: Cameroon, Ebolowa, Mildbraed 5458 (holotype B†; isotype HBG†). Calamus niger (non Willd.) Braun & Schum. in Mitth. Deutsch. Schutzgeb. II:147 (1889) ex Wright in F.T.A. 8: 109 (1902); Hedin in Rev. de Bot. Appl. 19: 502 (1929); synon. nov. Type: Cameroon, Braun s.n. (holotype B†). Clustering slender to moderate palm climbing to 15-30 m. Stems without sheaths 8-16 mm in diameter, with 12-28 mm; internodes 12-18 cm long. Leaf sheath longitudinally striate, dark green, tan, often dull crimson brown on young sheaths, 132
moderately to sparsely armed with brown-black spines, concentrated and persistent on the ocrea, spines often sloughing off elsewhere on sheath to leave conspicuous, raised, circular, blister-like scars; thin, white caducous indumentum present on mature sheaths, particularly dense on young sheaths and juvenile individuals; ocrea ± truncate or saddle-shaped with a 0.5-1.8 cm high rounded lobe opposite the rachis, armed as the leaf sheath, spines concentrated at ocrea margin, extending ± 2 cm. Spear leaf deep orange to bright crimson. Juvenile stems up to 6 m long, with sheaths,
Page 1 and 2:
THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
Page 3 and 4:
The final Chapter presents summaris
Page 5 and 6:
CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
Page 7 and 8:
3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
Page 9 and 10:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 11 and 12:
REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16:
Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20:
ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22:
CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24:
Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26:
The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28:
Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30:
sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32:
For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34:
Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36:
In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38:
exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40:
of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42:
CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44:
It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46:
evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48:
2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50:
horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52:
Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54:
15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56:
Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58:
Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62:
sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66:
(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68:
long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70:
Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72:
indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74:
Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76:
stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78:
Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80:
(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174: clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184:
sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186:
seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188:
Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190:
sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192:
concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194:
Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196:
4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198:
the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200:
feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202:
the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204:
latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206:
Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208:
Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210:
Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212:
(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214:
Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216:
Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218:
the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220:
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221:
The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225:
Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227:
1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229:
taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231:
taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235:
For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237:
Box 2. The structure of vernacular
Page 238 and 239:
intermediate categories for African
Page 240 and 241:
hoped that any future development o
Page 242 and 243:
242
Page 244 and 245:
CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247:
Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249:
Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251:
forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253:
Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255:
aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257:
7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259:
7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261:
the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265:
service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267:
Figure 116. Correlation between ran
Page 268 and 269:
enefits rattan brings, those artisa
Page 270 and 271:
from enabling the sustainable explo
Page 272 and 273:
Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275:
such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277:
press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279:
Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281:
of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283:
Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285:
clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287:
forest products, such as rattan for
Page 288 and 289:
from the informal forest economy an
Page 290 and 291:
REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
Page 322 and 323:
and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325:
E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327:
also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329:
(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331:
L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333:
The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335:
A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337:
O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339:
Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341:
Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343:
Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345:
Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347:
Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349:
Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351:
APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
Page 352 and 353:
a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355:
APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357:
DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
show all

list of figures - Terry Sunderland

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?