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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE AND UTILISATION OF INTRODUCTION AFRICAN RATTANS BY SPECIES Rattan canes are used extensively across West and Central Africa by local communities and play an important role in indigenous subsistence strategies for many rural populations. As such, the range of indigenous uses of rattan canes is vast. These uses are listed below by species. Full descriptions of the species concerned can be found in Chapter 2. The vernacular names recorded are from the examination of herbarium records and notes, a literature review (cross-referred to herbarium records) and from my own field observations. A detailed discussion of the nomenclature and classification of the African rattans, based on the information listed below, is provided in Chapter 6. ___________________________ Calamus deërratus G. Mann & H. Wendl. Vernacular names SENEGAL: ki tid (Balanta); kintem (Bainouk); mantampa da sera (Crioulo, Upper Guinea); bu kètao bu ketav, fu fiaf, ka kèt, ka tay, ke hiya, kékiya (Jola-Fogny); tambem (Fula-Pulaar); tambi (Tukulor); tambo (Mandinka); tãbi (Malinke); e kapat (Mandyak); ratlan (Wolof): GAMBIA: tambo (Mandinka): GUINEA-BISSAU: quitite (Balanta); batanou (Biafada); mantampa de sera (Crioulo, Upper Guinea); tambem (Fulfulde-Pulaar); tambo (Mandinka); ecapate (Mandyak); quito (Papel): GUINEA: tambo (Mandinka); tâbi (Malinke): SIERRA LEONE: lumboinyo-lando (Kisi); kanga-mese (Kono); tambe (Loko); tambi (Maninka); tamba (def. tembui) (Mende); tambi (Susu); ra-gbet (Themne); tambu-na (Yalunka): LIBERIA: kpa kala (Mano): CÔTE D’IVOIRE: ailé-mlé (Anyin); gapapa (Godié): GHANA: dem4eré (Twi, also trade name); néné, (Akan); ayeka (Anufo); ayeka (Sehwi); keteku (Éwé); ayeké (Nzema): BENIN: akete (Defi); dekun wéwé (Gun-Gbe): NIGERIA: water cane 320
(Pidgin); erogbo, erugbo (Edo); ekwe-oji, iye (Igbo); apié (the plant itself, or the canerope made from it) (Ijo-Izon), bwálàm (a cane) (Pero); erogbo, erugbo (Yoruba): CAMEROON: nding (Bulu); ndié (Badjué): EQUATORIAL GUINEA: nzing (Fang): CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: bioh (Banda-Yangere): DR CONGO: kpude (Zande); ma-ndakele (Ngbaka-Ma’bo); ikonga (Lombo); babio (Mongo-Nkundu); mukolo (Lega-Mwenga); lekwe (BaMbuti): UGANDA: bi-lekwe (Amba). Uses The stems of C. deërratus are not as widely used as other species. Throughout their range, they are considered inferior to other species of rattan as they do not attain as great a diameter and hence are not as robust as many of the larger species of Laccosperma. Accordingly, they are often too thick and rather inflexible for weaving, for which a number of species of Eremospatha are preferred. However, the use of C. deërratus increases in the absence of other rattan canes (Profizi, 1986; Morakinyo, 1995; Tenati, in press) and, aside from a wide range of construction and weaving applications, C. deërratus also contributes significantly to other household needs. For example, in Ghana, the whole leaves are often used for thatching (Abbiw, 1990). In Sierra Leone the apical bud (palm heart) is eaten by the Mende people as a dietary supplement and they are in Ghana (Dalziel, 1937; Irvine, 1952; Irvine, 1961). The young shoots are roasted whole and eaten in Ghana (Abbiw, 1990). In lower Casamance of Senegal the leaves are grilled over a fire and then macerated; the liquid is drunk to promote weight loss is stout persons (Berhaut, 1988) and the same preparation is also given for oedema caused by vitamin deficiencies (ibid.). Ash from burning the roots is used as a kitchen salt in Guinea (Portères, s.d. cited in Burkhill, 1997) and in Ghana (Abbiw, 1990). In Sierra Leone, the rind is twisted into little sponges and used to clean pans (Irvine, 1961). Williamson & Timitimi (1983) state that the leaf sheath may be peeled off and twisted to make a rough rope. Throughout West Africa in particular, C. deërratus has a wide range of uses for furniture construction and basketry to the extent that in the dry savannas of northern Nigeria, in the absence of other species, canes of C. deërratus were formerly supplied to prisons for workshop activities and the rehabilitation of prisoners (Burkill, 1997). Whole canes were widely used for fences and house-building in other areas of Nigeria (Unwin, 1920) as well as in Ghana (Abbiw, 1990). Elsewhere in Africa, in Zambia 321
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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Page 272 and 273: Figure 119. Woven basket products m
Page 274 and 275: such as Indonesia have lifted the b
Page 276 and 277: press; this study) and the conditio
Page 278 and 279: Table 31. Findings and recommendati
Page 280 and 281: of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
Page 282 and 283: Not threatened (species distributio
Page 284 and 285: clears the plot again to plant food
Page 286 and 287: forest products, such as rattan for
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Page 290 and 291: REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293: Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295: Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297: Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299: Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301: Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303: Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305: Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307: Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309: Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311: Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313: Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315: Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317: Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319: Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 322 and 323: and Uganda, in the absence of large
Page 324 and 325: E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
Page 326 and 327: also a strong binding material (Rus
Page 328 and 329: (unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
Page 330 and 331: L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
Page 332 and 333: The “palm heart” is eaten widel
Page 334 and 335: A tea made from the young shoots is
Page 336 and 337: O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
Page 338 and 339: Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
Page 340 and 341: Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
Page 342 and 343: Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
Page 344 and 345: Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
Page 346 and 347: Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
Page 348 and 349: Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
Page 350 and 351: APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
Page 352 and 353: a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
Page 354 and 355: APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
Page 356 and 357: DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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