list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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effectively contribute to their future management. Knowledge of the life form, reproductive nature and the ecological significance of any commercially valuable species, such as rattan, is essential if coherent management strategies are to be developed and implemented to ensure their sustainable utilisation. 218
CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION AND 6.1 INTRODUCTION UTILISATION OF AFRICAN RATTANS The recording of vernacular names as part of ethnobotanical research has become routine so that contemporary works on ethnobotany provide detailed methodologies on how to collect local nomenclatural information (Given and Harris, 1994; Martin, 1995; Alexiades, 1996). Whilst the limitations of studying vernacular names in isolation have been recognised (Wilkie and Saridan, 1999), it is known that the careful study of plant names reveals a wealth of knowledge on how indigenous people perceive and utilise their plant resources (Berlin 1973; Berlin et al., 1973; Berlin, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hays, 1983; Balée, 1989; Berlin, 1992). It is also proven that studies of nomenclature can provide deep insights into the ethnobotanical taxonomic structure utilised by indigenous societies (Berlin 1973; Berlin et al., 1973; Berlin, 1977; Balée, 1989; Berlin, 1992). This cognitive approach to the study of ethnobotany has been widely applied and, despite considerable regional, ethnic and social differences in the communities studied, many researchers have identified similar systems of folk classification found in place across the world (Ekandem, 1955; Berlin 1973; Berlin et al., 1973; Friedberg, 1974; Berlin, 1977; Brown, 1977; Hays, 1983; Balée, 1989; Berlin, 1992). The recurrent features of these systems has led to the formulation of basic principles of ethnobiological classification utilised by many folk societies (Berlin 1973; Berlin et al., 1973; Berlin, 1977; Berlin, 1992) principles that provide useful models for the study of how indigenous societies view their plant resources. The majority of folk classifications, it is claimed, are based on the universal significance of the morphological discontinuities among plants, and rarely, is classification based on functional considerations such as cultural utility (Berlin 1973; Berlin, 1992). However, utilitarian approaches to classification are also considered of significant importance in the understanding of how indigenous peoples relate to 219
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
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Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190: sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198: the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200: feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202: the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204: latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206: Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208: Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210: Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212: (Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214: Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216: Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217: the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 221: The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225: Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227: 1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
Page 228 and 229: taxonomies are included in (or affi
Page 230 and 231: taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233: Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
Page 234 and 235: For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
Page 236 and 237: Box 2. The structure of vernacular
Page 238 and 239: intermediate categories for African
Page 240 and 241: hoped that any future development o
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Page 244 and 245: CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
Page 246 and 247: Interestingly, the patterns of expl
Page 248 and 249: Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
Page 250 and 251: forest products (see Box 3) these a
Page 252 and 253: Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
Page 254 and 255: aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
Page 256 and 257: 7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
Page 258 and 259: 7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
Page 260 and 261: the rainy season when transport dif
Page 262 and 263: Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
Page 264 and 265: service. Unemployment increased fro
Page 266 and 267: Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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