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within this complex, evident both from herbarium material and field observations, many of the species described both by Burret and Beccari were never recognised. One of the major reasons for this is the fact that in their original paper in which Mann and Wendland (1864) re-described Laccosperma secundiflorum (syn. Calamus secundiflorus), the account was accompanied by an illustration by Fitch, probably based on Mann’s field sketches, that showed the growth habit of a number of African palms including that of L. secundiflorum. However, with its conspicuously pendant, and distinctively linear leaflets, the rattan palm labelled in the account as “L. secundiflorum” bears little resemblance to the species of de Beauvois, nor indeed to the original collections of Mann the account cites. The taxon drawn is undoubtedly a species described later by Burret (1942) as L. robustum. This confusion seems to have given credence to the oft-mentioned claim of many of the subsequent floristic studies that L. secundiflorum is a highly polymorphic taxon both within and between populations. As such, these floristic studies continued to group all of the largediameter species of Laccosperma into a single species complex: L. secundiflorum (Drude, 1895; Wright, 1902; Unwin, 1920; Dalziel, 1937; Renier, 1948; Robyns and Tournay, 1955; Irvine, 1961; Russell, 1968; Letouzey, 1978; Dransfield, 1986; Berhaut, 1988; Morakinyo, 1995b). However, field workers began to note that there were in fact at least two species of large-diameter Laccosperma in West and Central Africa. The morphological differences between taxa are obvious, particularly as these species are often sympatric. Paul Tuley, who was working in Nigeria at the time, wrote to Tom Russell at Kew, who was then preparing an account of the Palmae for the revision of the Flora of West Tropical Africa. Tuley suggested to Russell that there might be at least two “forms” within the L. secundiflorum complex with “one [form] having dropping segments and the other with rigid segments that are held horizontally”. Tuley was quite clearly describing, in the first instance, the pendant leaflet habit of L. robustum. However, Russell discounts his observations, and states that “all the flowering material at Kew, including collections of Tuley, are referrable to Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum” (Russell, 1968). In addition, Chapin, a botanist active in the then Belgian Congo makes the distinction between the true L. secundiflorum and “the one with pendant leaflets that grows in swamps” (Chapin 613, herb. BR!) (authors’ translation from the 124
French). A brief discussion of this is also reported in the recent article by Prance et al. (2000). Tuley (1995) went some way in distinguishing between the taxa, in describing L. acutiflorum and L. secundiflorum as separate taxa, but no doubt a lack of adequate voucher material hindered the preparation of a full account of this group. However, since then, further field-work and examination of herbarium material has confirmed that this “taxon” is composed of three distinct species as I have described above. Specimens examined SENEGAL: Vanden-Berghen 7285, Casamance (12.51N:15.17W) sterile, November 26, 1984 (BR!); GUINEA-BISSAU: d'Orey 262, Cacine (11.06N:15.00W) Fl., January 30, 1954 (K!); GUINEA- CONAKRY: Chillou 1419, Condoya forest, sterile, May 16, 1939 (BR!); Roberty 2903, Irie (08.16N:09.12W) Fl., December 21, 1954 (K!); SIERRA LEONE: Deighton 2593, Njala (08.06N:10.46W) sterile, January 1933 (K!); Deighton 4119, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fr., March 10, 1945 (K!); Deighton 3090, Tabe (08.01N:11.56W) Fr., September 21, 1935 (K!); Jaeger 1802, Between Krutox & Siki Koro, sterile, September 21, 1945 (MO!); Jordan 2065, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fr., May 13, 1955 (K!); Jordan 2066, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fl., May 14, 1955 (K!); Pyne 39, Joru to Daru road (07.41N:11.03W) sterile, November 2, 1955 (K!); Small 697, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fl., May 24, 1952 (K!); LIBERIA: Adam 20746, Fr., January 25, 1965 (K!); Bos 2165, St Paul river (06.30N:10.40W) Fl., July 27, 1966 (K!, WAG!, BR!); CÔTE D'IVOIRE: Bernardi 8382, Tien-Oula (06.45N:07.04W) Fr., March 2, 1962 (K!); de Wilde 3282, Nigbi (06.39N:06.39W) Fr., November 21, 1961 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Hepper & Maley 8178, Taï Forest (05.38N:07.08W) sterile, February 9, 1984 (K!); Hepper & Maley 8062a, Foret de Gheoule, sterile, February 3, 1984 (K!); Leeuwenberg 3954, 15km NE of Bianouan (06.06N:03.09E) Fr., April 17, 1962 (K!, MO!, WAG!, BR!); GHANA: Foggie 16/40, Fr., 1940 (K!); Hall 3371, Nkroful, Western Region (04.56N:01.44W) Fl., August 18, 1965 (K!, GC!); Moore & Enti 9892, Esiama-Nkroful road (04.56N:01.44W) sterile, March 7, 1971 (GC!); Morton 377, Ankobra River, Axim (04.55N:02.16W) sterile, August 18, 1965 (GC!); Sunderland 2259, Road from Tarkwa to Axim (05.21N:01.00W) sterile, May 25, 1999 (K!, KUM!); Tomlinson s.n., Bobiri F.R. (06.38N:01.17W) sterile, December 20, 1957 (K!, GC!); Vigne 2410, Mampong Escarpment (07.17N:01.27W) Fl., August 30, 1932 (K!, KUM!); BENIN: Aufsess 427, Adjarra (06.32N:05.52E) sterile, December 6, 1988 (K!); Latilo s.n., Sapoba F.R. (06.06N:05.52E) Fr., January 25, 1951 (GC!); NIGERIA: Arwaodo 42, Aluu, Niger Delta (05.00N:06.00E) sterile, March 16, 1998 (K!); Ayewoh 3853, Ondo Province, Owo (08.25N:03.20E) Fl., February 24, 1944 (K!); Barter 4, Niger Delta (05.00N:06.00E) Fl., 1859 (FI!); Brenan 8580, Okomu F.R., Fl., December 21, 1947 (K!, FHO!, BR!); Keay FHI 6996, sterile, November 24, 1943 (K!); Magajie & Tuley 2166, Ankpa Division (07.23N:07.36E) sterile, February 28, 1971 (K!); Maggs 125
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123: Distribution This species is distri
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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