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Table 17. The rattans of Africa; taxonomy and utilisation Genus Species Description Distribution Cane use Non-cane uses Calamus deërratus G. Mann & H. Clustering flagellate species; stems to 20m long up to 35mm in Senegal to Angola, west to Uganda Yes, but only in absence of other, Many Wendl. diameter; leaves ecirrate more desirable species Eremosptha barendii sp. nov Clustering; stems to 30m long, up to 25mm in diameter; conspicuous knee and bracts on inflorescence Southern Cameroon None recorded None recorded cabrae de Wild. Clustering; stems to 50m long, up to 25mm in diameter; leaflets Gabon & DR Congo to northern Yes, Few obovate; papillose inflorescence Angola cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Clustering; stems to 15m long, 25cm in diameter; leaflets with Congo Basin Few None recorded Wendl.) H. Wendl. conspicuous apiculum haullevilleana de Wild. Clustering; stems to 25m long, up to 25mm in diameter; ocrea striate; leaflets spathulate – ovate Congo Basin Yes, highly prized and widely traded Many hookeri (G. Mann & H. Clustering; stems to 30m, up to 30mm in diameter; knee Sierra Leone to Gabon Yes, although mostly in absence of Few Wendl.) H. Wendl. conspicuous, leaflets rhomboid to obovate other species laurentii de Wild. Clustering; stems to 30m, up to 30mm in diameter; knee Congo Basin with outliers in Upper Few recorded None recorded conspicuous; lowermost leaflets clasping stem Guinea forest macrocarpa (G. Mann & H. Clustering; stems to 50m long, 10-18mm in diameter; juvenile Senegal to DR Congo Yes, juvenile form is the best small- Many Wendl.) H. Wendl. leaves bifid, adult leaflets linear lanceolate diameter cane in Africa. Widely traded quinquecostulata Becc. Clustering; stems to 15m long, 10mm in diameter Se Nigeria to southern Cameroon Few None recorded tessmanniana Becc. Clustering; stems to 100m long (although branching is common), up to 15cm in diameter; glaucous grey-green leaflets Southern Cameroon to E. Guinea None recorded None recorded wendlandiana Dammer ex Clustering; stems to 60m, up to 30mm in diameter; conspicuous SE Nigeria to Gabon Yes, but poor quality cane Becc. knee and rhomboid leaflets Laccosperma acutiflorum (Becc.) J. Dransf. Clustering; stems to 70m, up to 60mm in diameter; yellowish appearance; non-pendulous leaflets Upper Guinea to DR Congo None recorded None recorded laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) Clustering; stems often branching, to 10m, up to 15mm in Upper Guinea to DR Congo None Few H. Wendl. diameter; leaflet margins unarmed; seeds smooth opacum (G. Mann & H. Clustering; stems often branching, to 10m, up to 15mm in Upper Guinea to DR Congo Yes, but poor quality cane Few Wendl.) Drude diameter; leaflet margins armed; seeds warty robustum (Becc.) J. Dransf. Clustering; stems to 45m, 50mm in diameter; leaflets conspicuously pendulous, glaucous blue-green SE Nigeria to DR Congo Yes, highly prized cane; traded widely Many secundiflorum (de Beauv.) Clustering; stems to 30m, up to 35mm in diameter; leaflets Senegal to DR Congo Yes, highly prized cane; traded widely Many Kuntze sigmoid, dark green Oncocalamus macrospathus Burr. Clustering; stems to 35m, up to 30mm in diameter, sheaths well Southern Cameroon to northern No; poor quality cane None recorded armed; rachillae bright yellow, seeds smooth. Angola mannii (H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. Clustering; stems to 30m, 28 mm in diameter, sheaths wellarmed; rachillae bright crimson, seeds warty Southern Cameroon to Gabon No; poor quality cane None recorded tuleyi sp. nov. Clustering; stems to 30m, up to 45mm in diameter, sheaths sparsely or unarmed; seeds smooth SE Nigera and SW Cameroon No; poor quality cane None recorded wrightianus Hutch. Clustering ?; stems to 10m, up to 10mm in diameter; leaflets sigmoid Southern Nigeria Yes, but for cane rope and twine only Few 223
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
Page 171 and 172: an inventory or survey. These param
Page 173 and 174: clustering species are to be includ
Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179 and 180: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 181 and 182: the lowland forest is characterised
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190: sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198: the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200: feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202: the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204: latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206: Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208: Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210: Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
Page 211 and 212: (Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
Page 213 and 214: Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216: Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218: the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220: CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221: The extensive nature and wide range
Page 225 and 226: 1990; Iliffe, 1995). These Bantu la
Page 227 and 228: 6.4.3 Life form Life-form classific
Page 229 and 230: names have been standardised by ref
Page 231 and 232: attans within intermediate categori
Page 233 and 234: Table 20. Selected cane product nam
Page 235 and 236: (generic term for L. robustum and L
Page 237 and 238: In the case of many of the non-Bant
Page 239 and 240: It is clear that within these two m
Page 241 and 242: Figure 92. Temporary camp for fores
Page 243 and 244: Figure 94. Fish trap made from spli
Page 245 and 246: een realised (Ndoye, 1994; Falconer
Page 247 and 248: · A group of medium-sized markets
Page 249 and 250: Table 24. Study sites and sampling
Page 251 and 252: Figure 100. Production to consumpti
Page 253 and 254: transformation. Hence, more commonl
Page 255 and 256: 7.5.2.3 Types of enterprise Rattan
Page 257 and 258: urban market, originate from there.
Page 259 and 260: 7.5.4 The scale of the trade 7.5.4.
Page 261 and 262: In order to determine the general t
Page 263 and 264: Table 27. Major constraints to the
Page 265 and 266: • This increase in processing and
Page 267 and 268: artisans with the highest incomes.
Page 269 and 270: 7.7 CONCLUSION As this survey has s
Page 271 and 272: Figure 117. Open-air permanent ratt
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CHAPTER EIGHT A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF T
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In recent years, rattan as been ide
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overview of the production to consu
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Table 32. The scale and value of th
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CHAPTER NINE IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSE
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9.3.2. Management In general, the w
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· Harvest intensity and rotation s
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Sabah, China, the Philippines, Indo
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monitored within a few years and th
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Baker W.J., C.B. Asmussen, S.C. Bar
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Bhat, K.M., C. Renuka, C. & P.K. Th
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Clay, J. 1992. Some general princip
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Central Africa: current research is
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Drude, O. 1895. Die Palmenflora des
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Given, D.R. & W. Harris. 1994. Tech
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Henderson, A. 1999. Species, specie
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Jeffreys, M.D.W. 1960. Cordage amon
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Maley, J. 1996. The African rain fo
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alance between welfare improvement
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Phillips, O. & A.H. Gentry. 1993. T
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Albert. Vol III Monocotyledons. pp
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issues and prospects for conservati
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Tucker R. 1991. Hapaxanthy: dying i
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Williamson, E.A., C.E.G. Tutin, M.E
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(Pidgin); erogbo, erugbo (Edo); ekw
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Uses None recorded. _______________
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consumed. During certain traditiona
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fruits), irrumka = female (with fru
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Vernacular names NIGERIA: eghounka
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the stem is sometimes split and is
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Uses This species is the most desir
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Uses The cane of this species is po
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Adam: Liberia; 20746, 29807 APPENDI
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Chipp: Ghana; 127, 643 Claessens: D
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Gentry & Thomas: Cameroon; 52727, 5
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Latilo: Nigeria; s.n. Laurent: DR C
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Mullenders: DR Congo; 1166 Mutimush
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Terashima: DR Congo; 94 Tessmann: C
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APPENDIX 3: RATTAN RESEARCH PLOT No
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11. Do you employ anybody to work i
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________________________ (increase;
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Products: Certification as a Tool t
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8. Sunderland, T.C.H. 2000d. The ra
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