list of figures - Terry Sunderland

CALAMUS L.
(Greek = a reed)
L. in Sp. P1. 325: (1753) & Gen. P1., ed. 5:152 (1754) Type: C. rotang L.
Rotanga Boehmer in Def. Gen Pl. Ed.3:395 (1760)
Rotang Adanson in Fam. des Pl. 2(24):599 (1763)
Palmijuncus Kuntze in Rev. Gen. Pl. 2:731 (1891)
Zalaccella Becc. in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Calc. 11(1): (1908) & app. (1913). Type: Z.
harmandii (Pierre ex Becc.) Becc. (= Calamus harmandii Pierre ex Becc.)
Schizospatha Furt. in Gar. Bull. Sing. 14:525 (1955): Type: S. setigera (Burr.) Furt. (=
Calamus setiger Burr.)
Cornera Furtado in Gar. Bull. Sing. 14:518 (1955). Type: C. pycnocarpa Furt. (=
Calamus pycnocarpus (Furt.) J. Dransf.)
Solitary or clustering, acaulescent to high-climbing pleonanthic dioecious palms.
Stems very slender, only a few mm in diameter, to robust (>15 mm), in Africa
moderate, 10-35 mm in diameter, branching sympodially at the base. Leaf-sheaths
tightly enclosing the stem, variously armed with spines and spiculae or unarmed, often
covered with indumentum, often continued into an ocrea. Mature leaf of two kinds;
terminating either in a long barbed whip (cirrus) or without such a whip (African and
some Asiatic species), species without a cirrus normally but not always bearing a
similar barbed whip (flagellum), adnate to the leaf-sheath at the base, equivalent to a
modified sterile inflorescence; petiole prominent or absent, variously armed with
spines and hooks; rachis usually armed with reflexed hooks; leaflets narrow to broad
or rhomboid, single-fold, arranged regularly or irregularly on either side of the rachis
or variously clustered, fanned or paired, variously hairy, scaly or spiny. Inflorescence
axillary, with the base of the peduncle adnate to the internode and sheath of the
following leaf, hence appearing in a non-axillary position, branching to 2-3 orders,
with or without a long terminal flagellum; bracts variously armed, tubular, tightly
sheathing, very rarely splitting, sometimes with an expanded limb, never caducous,
though rarely tattering and decaying before fruiting; prophyll usually 2-keeled and
empty; other bracts on main axis subtending close to very distant partial inflorescences;
partial inflorescences bearing bracts subtending rachillae; rachillae usually
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