list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Distribution This species occurs predominantly in the lowland forests of the northern Congo Basin. However, intriguingly, there are outliers of this species found in the forests of Upper Guinea, with a pronounced disjunction from Côte d’Ivoire to Benin. Figure 6. Distribution of E. laurentii De Wild. Habitat and ecology E. laurentii is found in both open areas as well as in closed-canopy forest. However, this species responds particularly well to selective logging and is a common component of regrowth vegetation where it occurs. Specimens examined SIERRA LEONE: Deighton 4117, Gola forest (07.45N:10.45W) Fl., March 10, 1945 (K!); LIBERIA: Harley 2174, Wanana (07.25N:09.31W) Fr., January 24, 1958 (K!); NIGERIA: Onochie 5243, Olujiji (08.11N:04.08E) sterile, December 13, 1957 (K!); Otedoh & Tuley 7258, Ologbo, near Sapele (07.59N:04.25E) Fr., s.d. (K!); Tuley & Ochie 1682, South of Maraba, sterile, October 4, 1969 (K!); CAMEROON: Cheek 5554, Mount Cameroon: Njonji (04.04N:08.59E) sterile, November 24, 1993 64
(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Eseka (03.39N:10.46E) Fr., March 20, 1964 (WAG!); Dransfield 7003, Mungo River Crossing (04.08N:09.31E) Fr., June 27, 1991 (K!, SCA!); Letouzey 4278, 40km S of Mesamena (03.19N:12.49E) sterile, February 16, 1962 (YA!); Letouzey 4416, 20km E of Somalonyo in Dja (03.00N:12.40E) Fl., February 24, 1962 (YA!); Letouzey 11796, 25km NNE of Mintom II (02.03N:13.30E) sterile, Janaury 5, 1973 (YA!); Letouzey 12477, Lake Ossa, 8km WNW Edea (03.50N:10.02E) Fl., December 22, 1966 (K!, YA!); Letouzey 14522, Rumpi Hills nr Lokando (04.54N:09.20E) sheath only, March 23, 1976 (YA!); Letouzey 14748, 25km N of Douala (04.18N:09.43E) Fr., August 29, 1976 (YA!); Njingum 4, Mbalmayo (03.31N:11.30E) sterile, June 15, 1999 (K!); Njingum 8, Akom II (02.47N:10.34E) sterile, July 3, 1999 (K!); Sunderland 1752, Mungo River Crossing (04.08N:09.31E), sterile, November 16, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1766, Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve (04.46N:09.29E) sterile, November 24, 1996 (K!, SCA!, NY!); Sunderland 1805, Campo Ma'an Faunal Reserve (02.10N:09.54E) sterile, March 27, 1997 (K!, YA!); Sunderland s.n., Sud Province (02.24N:09.54E) sterile., s.d. (K!, YA!); Watts 514, Mount Cameroon: Njonji (04.04N:08.59E) sterile, October 15, 1992 (SCA!); CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Harris & Fay 459, Ndakan (02.22N:16.09E) Fr., April 4, 1988 (MO!, BR!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Sunderland 1920, on road to Monte Mitra (01.12N:09.59E) sterile, April 7, 1998 (K!, EG!); GABON: Klaine s.n., Libreville (00.35N:09.22E) Fr., January 15, 1907 (FI!); van Nek 517, Gamba (02.47S:10.03E) sterile, December 31, 1990 (WAG!); DR CONGO: Bequaert 878, between Bolobo & Sandy Beach (02.08S:16.15E) sterile, October 14, 1913 (BR!); Couteaux 473, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., October 20, 1908 (BR!); Dubois 912, Maringa (00.07N:21.17E) Fr., August 1938 (K!, BR!); Evrard 2984, between Mangania and Lifoku (00.75S:21.03E) Fr., November 19, 1957 (BR!); Evrard 4511, Parc National de Monkoto (00.08N:19.16E) sterile, August 6, 1958 (K!, WAG!, BR!); Evrard 7070, Nselé (04.14S15.34E) Fr., May 8, 1975 (BR!, WAG!, MO!); Gerard 2152, Bambesa (03.28N:25.11E) Fl., February 20, 1956 (BR!); Germain 1681, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., October 28, 1943 (BR!); Germain 4808, Ikelemba river, Fl., February 1949 (BR!); Gilbert 7909, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., 1947 (BR!); Hulstaert 747, Bokuma, Fl., March 8, 1942 (BR!); Laurent 645, between Bolobo & Yumbi (02.08S:16.15E) Fl. & Fr., April 14, 1903 (BR!); Leonard 55, between Bamania & Ilelenge, Fr., September 26, 1945 (K!, MO!, BR!); Leonard 816, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) Fr., October 12, 1946 (BR!); Leonard 980, Eala (00.03N:18.18E) sterile, November 11, 1946 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Louis 10155, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., July 1, 1938 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Louis 11439, between Yangambi and Basoko (01.12N. 23.51E) Fl. & Fr., September 1938 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Louis 15925, Yangambi (0.45N:24.26E) Fr., August 25, 1939 (K!, BR!); Louis 15944, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., August 28, 1939 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Louis 16791, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., November 17, 1943 (BR!); Louis 7994, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., February 22, 1938 (K!, BR!); Mandango 2970, Basoko (01.15N:23.36E) Fr., May 13, 1981 (BR!); Sapin s.n., sterile, 1912 (BR!); Thonet 129, Lac Tumba (00.46S:20.06E) Fr., February 5, 1957 (BR!); CULTIVATED: Java, Furtado A113, Bogor Botanic Garden, sterile (K!); Palm House, RBG Kew, 1984-1058 (K!) ______________________________________ 65
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
Page 13 and 14: Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
Page 15 and 16: Figure 110. How many years spent in
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
Page 19 and 20: ecommended this project be funded b
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
Page 23 and 24: Similar branching of the stem is al
Page 25 and 26: The growing point of the stem of ra
Page 27 and 28: Aerial roots are commonly encounter
Page 29 and 30: sloughing of the sheath spines part
Page 31 and 32: For many of the species of Eremospa
Page 33 and 34: Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
Page 35 and 36: In common with other members of the
Page 37 and 38: exception to this is Laccosperma op
Page 39 and 40: of overall diversity, when compared
Page 41 and 42: CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
Page 43 and 44: It is somewhat surpising that since
Page 45 and 46: evidence suggests that the climbing
Page 47 and 48: 2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
Page 49 and 50: horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
Page 51 and 52: Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
Page 53 and 54: 15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
Page 93 and 94: ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103 and 104: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 105 and 106: Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
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ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
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Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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moderately to sparsely armed with b
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Distribution O. mannii is restricte
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often concentrated on the sheath ap
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Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
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sheath, spines concentrated on marg
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Distribution This species is restri
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ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
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Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
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CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
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Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
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prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
Page 232 and 233:
Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
Page 292 and 293:
Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
Page 294 and 295:
Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
Page 296 and 297:
Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
Page 298 and 299:
Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
Page 300 and 301:
Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
Page 302 and 303:
Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
Page 304 and 305:
Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
Page 306 and 307:
Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
Page 308 and 309:
Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
Page 310 and 311:
Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
Page 312 and 313:
Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
Page 314 and 315:
Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
Page 316 and 317:
Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
Page 318 and 319:
Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
Page 320 and 321:
APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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