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3.3.3.3 Topography, geology and soil type The majority of the lowland forest area within the southern and central part of the Reserve lies between 100-400m. The terrain is rolling in the lowland areas but rises sharply to 1500m altitude in the north of Reserve, where slopes are extremely steep. Small hills, up to 725m, lie to the north of the Obonyi villages along the border with Nigeria. The hills separating the villages of Kekpani and Basho are similar in height, rising to about 600-700m. The soils of the reserve are mainly ferrite, derived from Pre-cambrian crystalline rock, although large areas of alluvial soil are found towards the southern end of the reserve. 3.3.3.4 Vegetation The majority of the southern and central parts of the Takamanda Forest Reserve are covered by lowland (100-700m) Guineo-Congolian forest. The dense sub-montane (“highland”) humid forest (700-2,000m) is predominantly found mostly in the northern part of the Reserve, although some isolated patches occur further south on long ridge tops and isolated hills reaching an altitude of up to 1,500m. Areas further east and outside of the Reserve, including the northern part of the Mone Forest Reserve, including Mount Oko, which rises to over 1500m, are also of this latter vegetation type. There are also some isolated patches of wooded savannah and gallery forests, along with relics of herbaceous savannah, in the extreme north of the Reserve. Whilst these vegetation types are an important component of the highland areas towards Akwaya, they are but a small component of the Takamanda Forest Reserve itself. This savannah/ woodland complex extends eastwards and northwards along the Nigerian border, and in the direction of the Bamenda highlands. Finally, there are three enclaved villages within the Reserve, surrounded by extensive areas of secondary vegetation and farm bush. Patches of this vegetation type are found near all the villages of the area. The lowland forest of the Takamanda Reserve forms part of a large contiguous forest block that covers large areas of the Cross River Basin north of Mamfe (Letouzey, 1985). The reserve is unique in that it represents a sharp gradation from lowland forest to sub-montane (highland) forest with the associated variations within. Floristically, 180
the lowland forest is characterised by species commonly associated with the Atlantic coastal forest yet the relative paucity of representatives of the family Caesalpiniaceae, normally abundant in the closed-canopy forests of Central Africa, make this forest formation distinct. Whilst relatively contiguous, there is some variation within this forest formation, most notably in seasonally inundated areas and on hill-tops and ridges. A common component of these forests is the family Irvingiaceae, canopy-emergent trees represented by eight species (Harris, 1996). This family includes the economically important sweet and bitter bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis and I. wombolu respectively) as well as large numbers of Klainedoxa gabonensis and Desbordesia glaucescens. Other common canopy trees include: Maranthes gabunensis (Chrysobalanaceae), Terminalia ivorensis, T. superba (Combretaceae), Andira inermis (Papillionaceae), Poga oleosa (Anisophylleaceae), Coula edulis (Olacaceae), Pterocarpus soyauxii (Papillionaceae) and Scyphocephalium mannii (Myristicaceae). The mid-canopy is dominated by Tapura africana (Dichapelaceae), Treculia obovoidea (Moraceae), Diogoa zenkeri (Olacaceae) and Rauvolfia macrophylla (Apocynaceae) along with numerous additional members of the Euphorbiaceae and Olacaceae. In seasonally inundated areas and along river-banks, Protomegabaria stapfiana (Euphorbiaceae) is abundant, along with large populations of Pandanus (Pandanaceae) and members of the utilitarian palm genus, Raphia. Along the ridges and lower altitude watershed areas, the coastal affinities become more obvious. These long ridges are often characterised by stands of even-aged Lophira alata (Ochnaceae) along with numerous Canarium schweinfurthii, and Santiria trimera (Burseraceae) as well as by some representatives of the Caesalpiniaceae, including Berlinia bracteosa, Afzelia bipindensis, Microberlinia bisulcata, Erythrophloem ivorense and many others. The narrow endemic, Napoleana egertonii (Lecythidaceae) is a common feature of these higher altitude forest formations, as are a number of species Garcinia (Guttiferae). Common herbs in the closed-canopy lowland forest include stands of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) along the smaller rocky streams in particular, often accompanied by semi-epiphytic Begoniaceace, and many members of the Araceae, Commelinaceae, 181
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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15 cm broad, deeply notched with ro
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Distribution This species occurs fr
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Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
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Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
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sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
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Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
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(SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
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long, decreasing distally, rachilla
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Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
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indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
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Distribution E. barendii is known f
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stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
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Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
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(YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
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and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
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Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
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FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
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order region of Cameroon and the Ri
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pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
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Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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ase, entire and acuminate to irregu
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Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
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LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
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Habitat and distribution The genus
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(1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
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Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
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Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. M
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± concolorous with prominent trans
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December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
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Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
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(06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
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portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
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Distribution L. robustum is very co
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1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
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own indumentum below; leaflets comp
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Distribution This species is distri
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French). A brief discussion of this
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Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
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Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
Page 155 and 156: Distribution C. deërratus is the m
Page 157 and 158: (06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
Page 159 and 160: MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
Page 161 and 162: Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
Page 163 and 164: Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
Page 165 and 166: Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
Page 167 and 168: Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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Page 175 and 176: 3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
Page 177 and 178: the reserve has no management plan
Page 179: associated with drier forest, was c
Page 183 and 184: sampling intensities were much lowe
Page 185 and 186: seedling 6 or length of stem) were
Page 187 and 188: Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
Page 189 and 190: sampling of the rattan population,
Page 191 and 192: concentrated, not only on rattan, b
Page 193 and 194: Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
Page 195 and 196: 4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
Page 197 and 198: the palm hearts from ground-level (
Page 199 and 200: feed on these fruits for long perio
Page 201 and 202: the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
Page 203 and 204: latter situation has been observed
Page 205 and 206: Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
Page 207 and 208: Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
Page 209 and 210: Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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Page 213 and 214: Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
Page 215 and 216: Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
Page 217 and 218: the absence of primate dispersers i
Page 219 and 220: CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
Page 221: The extensive nature and wide range
Page 224 and 225: Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
Page 226 and 227: 1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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