list of figures - Terry Sunderland

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Meyo-Bibilou, 36km SW Ambam (02.16N:11.11E) sterile, February 19, 1963 (YA!); Sunderland 1700, Mabeta-Moliwe Forest (03.58N:09.14E) Fr., October 10, 1995 (K!, SCA!, NY!); Sunderland 1711, Onge River valley (04.21N:08.57E) sterile, November 23, 1995 (K!, SCA!, MO!); Sunderland 1744, Rumpi Hills Forest Reserve (04.54N:09.20E) sterile, May 19, 1996 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1750, Mabeta-Moliwe Forest (03.58N:09.14E) sterile, November 13, 1996 (K!, BH!); Sunderland 1762, Mabeta-Moliwe Forest (03.58N:09.14E) sterile, November 25, 1996 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1885, 10km south of Nguti (05.02N:09.24E) Fr., November 26, 1997 (K!, SCA!, BH!); Sunderland 1931, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 10, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1934, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 14, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 1936, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.06N:09.47E) sterile, November 16, 1998 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2055, Takamanda Forest Reserve (06.08N:09.16E) sterile, January 18, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Sunderland 2250, Mokoko River Forest Reserve (04.29N:09.00E) sterile, February 16, 1999 (K!, SCA!); Tessmann s.n., sterile, October 2, 1909 (FI!); Thomas 6139, SW Province, nr Mundemba (04.58N:08.55E) Fl., May 12, 1986 (K!, BR!, WAG!, MO!); Watts 511, Mt Cameroon, Njonji (04.04N:08.59E) sterile, October 15, 1992 (SCA!); Watts 821, Liwenyi (04.23N:08.59E) Fr., October 28, 1993 (K!, SCA!); Wheatley 154, Mabeta-Moliwe forest (03.58N:09.14E) Fl., April 10, 1992 (SCA!); CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Carroll 33, Dzanga Region, 12km NE of Bayanga (03.07N:16.27E) sterile, April 15, 1985 (K!, MO!); Harris 5707, Sangha-Mbaere (02.59N:16.13E) Fr., December 16, 1997 (K!); Harris & Fay 1494, Dzanga-Sanga (02.21N:16.09E) sterile, October 31, 1988 (MO!); EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Barter s.n., Bioko (03.25N:08.40E) Fl., 1857 (K!); Carvalho 2212, Bioko: Malabo to Cupapa (03.34N:08.46E) Fr., August 5, 1986 (K!, BR!); Guinea 913, Bioko: Boloko to Luba (03.24N:08.34E) sterile, January 9, 1947 (MO!); Mann 97, Bioko (03.31N:08.33E) Fl. & Fr., April 1860 (K!); Sunderland 1875, 2km SW of village of Angoma (02.03N:10.10E) sterile, September 15, 1997 (K!, EG!, NY!, BR!); Sunderland 1904, 10km south of Bata (01.45N:09.43E) sterile, March 20, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1910, 1km from village of Mfeck-Ayong (02.00N:10.35E) sterile, March 18, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Sunderland 1911, 1km from village of Mfeck-Ayong (02.00N:10.35E) sterile, March 30, 1998 (K!, EG!, WAG!); Tessmann 44, Nkolentangau, Fr., December 5, 1907 (FI!); GABON: le Testu 9258, Fl., August 26, 1933 (BR!); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Bequaert 1824, Awakubi (01.19N:27.34E) Fr., January 7, 1914 (BR!); Evrard 3145, Befale: River Nkoyo (00.24N:20.46E) Fr., December 28, 1957 (BR!); Gerard 3218, Bambesa (03.28N:25.11E) Fr., December 11, 1957 (BR!); Gerard 3933, Madabu (Zobia) (02.58N:25.22E) Fl., May 22, 1958 (BR!); Gerard 4951, Bambesa (03.28N:25.11E) Fr., Novemver 15, 1961 (BR!); Germain 8728, Yabahondo (Isangi) (00.42N:23.58E) sterile, March 28, 1956 (BR!); Lebrun 2985, Ougodia, Fl., May 1931 (BR!); Louis 9556, 30km E of Yangambi (00.45N:24.43E) Fl., May 30, 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 13176, Oriental Province, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., December 1938 (K!, BR!); Louis 14729, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fl., May 6, 1939 (K!, BR!, WAG!); Louis 16340, Yangambi (00.45N:24.26E) Fr., December 7, 1939 (BR!); Mandango 3067, Ile Mbie: 5km from Kisangani (00.34S:29.15E) Fr., March 2, 1982 (BR!); Mildbraed 2818, Beni-Rewenzori (00.30N:29.25E) Fr., 1908 (FI!) _______________________________________ 104
Figure 21. Laccosperma opacum (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) Drude & L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. Wendl. L. laeve: Sunderland 2266; a. Stem x 1 (2/3); b. Leaf x ½ (1/3); c. Inflorescence x ½ (1/3); d. Fruit x 3 (2); e. Seed x 3 (2): L. opacum: Sunderland 1700; f. Leaflet section x ½ (1/3); g. Inflorescence x ½ (1/3): Mann 97; h. Flower in bud x 4 (2 2/3); Sunderland 1885; i. Fruit x 2 (1 1/3); j. Seed x 2 (1 1/3). Drawn by Lucy T. Smith. 105
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THE TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND UTILISATI
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The final Chapter presents summaris
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT 2.1.
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3.3.3.2. Climate 180 3.3.3.3. Topog
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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REFERENCES 290 APPENDIX ONE INDIGEN
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Figure 42. Distribution of O. tuley
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Figure 110. How many years spent in
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would no
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ecommended this project be funded b
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CHAPTER ONE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGR
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Similar branching of the stem is al
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The growing point of the stem of ra
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Aerial roots are commonly encounter
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sloughing of the sheath spines part
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For many of the species of Eremospa
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Figure 3. Acanthophylls of Laccospe
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In common with other members of the
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exception to this is Laccosperma op
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of overall diversity, when compared
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CHAPTER TWO TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT “Ta
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It is somewhat surpising that since
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evidence suggests that the climbing
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2.5. KEY TO THE GENERA Rattans clim
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horizontal, peduncle enclosed withi
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Knee absent: Stem ± triangular in
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Page 55 and 56: Distribution This species occurs fr
Page 57 and 58: Bot. Appl. 17: 896 (1936); Renier i
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3. Eremospatha cabrae (De Wi
Page 61 and 62: sterile, 1904 (BR!); Cabra s.n., Ma
Page 63 and 64: Figure 5. Eremospatha laurentii De
Page 65 and 66: (SCA!); de Wilde 2183, 60km S of Es
Page 67 and 68: long, decreasing distally, rachilla
Page 69 and 70: Distribution E. wendlandiana is dis
Page 71 and 72: indumentum; ocrea obliquely truncat
Page 73 and 74: Distribution E. barendii is known f
Page 75 and 76: stems sessile, up to 3.5 m long; ra
Page 77 and 78: Distribution E. macrocarpa is a ver
Page 79 and 80: (YA!); Letouzey 12563, Lac Tissongo
Page 81 and 82: and sparse distally; leaflets 8-14
Page 83 and 84: Distribution E. haullevilleana is r
Page 85 and 86: FHO!, BR!); Louis 9560, 20km W of Y
Page 87 and 88: order region of Cameroon and the Ri
Page 89 and 90: pairs c.3 cm long, at 45° angle to
Page 91 and 92: Figure 17. Eremospatha cuspidata (G
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Page 95 and 96: Figure 19. Eremospatha tessmanniana
Page 97 and 98: LACCOSPERMA (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) D
Page 99 and 100: Habitat and distribution The genus
Page 101 and 102: (1929); Hutch. in F.W.TA. 2: 391 (1
Page 103: Habitat and ecology Tolerant of dee
Page 107 and 108: ± concolorous with prominent trans
Page 109 and 110: December 6, 1984 (WAG!); le Testu 1
Page 111 and 112: Figure 31. Laccosperma acutiflorum
Page 113 and 114: (06.09N:01.53W) Fl., June 1972 (MO!
Page 115 and 116: portion of stem; peduncle 12-20 cm
Page 117 and 118: Distribution L. robustum is very co
Page 119 and 120: 1997 (K!, EG!, BH!); Sunderland 179
Page 121 and 122: own indumentum below; leaflets comp
Page 123 and 124: Distribution This species is distri
Page 125 and 126: French). A brief discussion of this
Page 127 and 128: Imperfectly-known taxon Laccosperma
Page 129 and 130: ONCOCALAMUS (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H
Page 131 and 132: Key to the species of Oncocalamus M
Page 133 and 134: moderately to sparsely armed with b
Page 135 and 136: Distribution O. mannii is restricte
Page 137 and 138: often concentrated on the sheath ap
Page 139 and 140: Distribution O. macrospathus is dis
Page 141 and 142: sheath, spines concentrated on marg
Page 143 and 144: Distribution This species is restri
Page 145 and 146: ocrea, often sloughing off to leave
Page 147 and 148: Notes O. wrightianus is distinct fr
Page 149 and 150: CALAMUS L. (Greek = a reed) L. in S
Page 151 and 152: Robyns & Tournay in Fl. du Parc Nat
Page 153 and 154: prickle-like spines; bracts tightly
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Distribution C. deërratus is the m
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(06.05N:00.50W) pist., March 17, 19
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MIXED COLLECTIONS A number of colle
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Figure 51. E. macrocarpa seedling,
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Figure 59. E. cuspidata, Etembue, E
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Figure 67. L. secundiflorum, Ghana
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Figure 75. O. mannii, Ayemaken, Equ
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CHAPTER THREE RATTAN DIVERSITY AND
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an inventory or survey. These param
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clustering species are to be includ
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3.3.1.2 Climate The Campo Reserve h
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the reserve has no management plan
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associated with drier forest, was c
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the lowland forest is characterised
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sampling intensities were much lowe
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seedling 6 or length of stem) were
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Table 5. Rattan abundance and stock
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sampling of the rattan population,
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concentrated, not only on rattan, b
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Table 10. A comparison of rattan di
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4.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER FOUR RATTA
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the palm hearts from ground-level (
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feed on these fruits for long perio
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the genus Ceratogymna have been rec
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latter situation has been observed
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Hollow sheaths Some species of ant
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Table 15. Count of domatia and ratt
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Figure 85. Ant colonisation of leaf
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(Fisher et al., 1987), followed by
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Table 16. Hapaxanthy in the Palmae
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Figure 89. Lateral inflorescences o
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the absence of primate dispersers i
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CHAPTER SIX INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATURE
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The extensive nature and wide range
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Table 18. Summary of the non-cane u
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1977; Berlin, 1992). This hypothesi
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taxonomies are included in (or affi
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taxa (standing palms) within their
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Table 19. Life form, intermediate a
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For example, the Anyang of Cameroon
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Box 2. The structure of vernacular
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intermediate categories for African
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hoped that any future development o
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242
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CHAPTER SEVEN A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROF
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Interestingly, the patterns of expl
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Figure 99. Scatterplot of size of m
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forest products (see Box 3) these a
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Figure 101. Mean range (or distance
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aid a wage. In fact, quite the oppo
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7.5.3 Socio-economic profile of the
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7.5.3.5 Previous occupations A larg
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the rainy season when transport dif
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Figure 114. Cited reasons for decli
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service. Unemployment increased fro
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Figure 116. Correlation between ran
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enefits rattan brings, those artisa
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from enabling the sustainable explo
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Figure 119. Woven basket products m
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such as Indonesia have lifted the b
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press; this study) and the conditio
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Table 31. Findings and recommendati
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of this trade, in fiscal terms, to
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Not threatened (species distributio
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clears the plot again to plant food
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forest products, such as rattan for
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from the informal forest economy an
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REFERENCES Abbiw, D. 1990. The usef
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Belcher, B. 1999. A production to c
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Burkill, I.H. 1935. A dictionary of
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Dalziel, J.M. 1937. The useful plan
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Dransfield, J. 1988b. The palms of
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Fisher, J.B. & J. Dransfield. 1977.
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Hall, J.B. & M.D. Swaine. 1981. Dis
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Huxley, C.R. 1978. The ant-plants M
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Lee, Y.F. 1993. Some models for est
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Moore, H.A. 1973. Palms in the trop
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Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & B. Obiri-Darko
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Randall, R. & E. Hunn. 1984. Do lif
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Siebert, S.F. 1997. Economically im
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Tenati, G. [in press]. The use of r
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Weiner, G. and Liese, W. 1989. Anat
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APPENDIX ONE INDIGENOUS NOMENCLATUR
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and Uganda, in the absence of large
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E. cuspidata (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)
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also a strong binding material (Rus
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(unpubl. notes): BENIN: Profizi (19
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L. laeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.) H. W
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The “palm heart” is eaten widel
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A tea made from the young shoots is
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O. wrightianus Hutch. Vernacular na
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Bidgood & Vollesen: Tanzania; 3040
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Dransfield: Cameroon; 6998, 6999, 7
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Heudelot: Gambia; 372 Hoier: DR Con
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Lowe: Nigeria; 2792, 2793, 4353, Ca
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Reitsma: Gabon; 1340, 2047, 2151, 2
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Webb & Bullock: Cameroon; 310 Welle
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APPENDIX FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
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a) high forest b)farm c)fallow d) d
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APPENDIX FIVE PUBLICATIONS AND DISS
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DISSEMINATION 1. Sunderland, T.C.H.
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