R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Explosives

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159 Heat of Explosion usually have water (which is a product of the explosion) in the form of vapor as the reference compound. The heat of explosion may be both theoretically calculated and experimentally determined. The calculated value is the difference between the energies of formation of the explosive components (or of the explosive itself if chemically homogeneous) and the energies of formation of the explosion products (for more details W Thermodynamic Calculation of Decomposition Reactions). The advantage of the calculation method is that the results are reproducible if based on the same energies of formation and if the calculations are all conducted by the same method; this is often done with the aid of a computer. The values of heats of explosion can also be more simply calculated from the “partial heats of explosion” of the components of the propellant (see below). The calculated values do not exactly agree with those obtained by experiment; if the explosion takes place in a bomb, the true compositions of the explosion products are different and, moreover, vary with the loading density. In accurate calculations these factors must be taken into account. In difficult cases (strongly oxygen-deficient compounds and side reactions, such as the formation of CH4, NH3, HCN, or HCl), the only way is to analyze the explosion products. For standard values of heats of formation at constant volume or constant pressure W Energy of Formation. The experimental determination takes place in a calorimetric bomb. The bomb volume is usually 20 cm3 , but can also be 300 cm3 . The sample quantity is usually so chosen as to obtain a loading density of 0.1 g/cm3 . If a powder refuses to explode – as is often the case if the heat of explosion is smaller than 800 cal/g – a “hot” powder with a known heat of explosion is added, and the heat of explosion of the sample powder is calculated from that of the mixture and that of the hot powder. The heat of detonation under “CJ conditions” (W Detonation) can differ from the explosion value, because the chemical reaction can be influenced by the conditions in the wave front (e.g., by the loading density of the explosive)*). Moreover, the detonation energy is related to H2O in the gaseous state. The calorimetric values as well as the calculated values given for the individual explosives in this book are based on H2O in the liquid state as a reaction product. * D. L. Ornellas, The Heat and Products of Detonation in a Calorimeter of CNO, HNO, CHNF, CHNO, CHNOF, and CHNOSi <strong>Explosives</strong>, Combustion and Flame 23, 37– 46 (1974).
Partial Heat of Explosion Partial Heat of Explosion partielle Explosionswärme; chaleur partielle d’explosion A. Schmidt proposed a simplified way of estimating the probable heat of explosion of a propellant. In this method, a “partial heat of explosion” is assigned to each component of the powder. Materials with high negative oxygen balances (e.g., stabilizers and gelatinizers) are assigned negative values for the partial heat of explosion. The explosion heat of the propellant is calculated by the addition of the partial values weighted in proportion to the respective percentage of the individual components. A number of such values have been tabulated. The value for trinitroglycerine is higher than its heat of explosion, since the excess oxygen reacts with the carbon of the other components. Table 16. Values for the partial heat of explosion Component Partial Heat of Explosion kcal/kg kJ/kg Akardite I –2283 –9559 Akardite II –2300 –9630 Akardite III –2378 –9957 ammonium nitrate +1450 +6071 barium nitrate +1139 +4769 barium sulfate + 132 + 553 butanetriol trinitrate (BTN) +1400 +5862 camphor –2673 –11192 Candelilla wax –3000 –12561 carbon black –3330 –13942 Centralite I –2381 –9969 Centralite II –2299 –9626 Centralite III –2367 –9911 cupric salicylate –1300 –5443 basic cupric salicylate – 900 –3768 diamyl phthalate (DAP) –2187 –9157 dibutyl phthalate (DBP) –2071 –8671 dibutyl tartrate (DBT) –1523 –6377 dibutyl sebacate (DBS) –2395 –10028 diethyleneglycol dinitrate +1030 +4313 (DGN, DEGN) dioxyenitramine dinitrate +1340 +5610 (DINA) diethyl phthalate (DEP) –1760 –7369 diethyl sebacate (DES) –2260 –9463 diisobutyl adipate (DIBA) –2068 –8658 160
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R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Expl
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Dr. Rudolf Meyer (†) (formerly: W
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Preface and Prof. Dr. P. Elsner, Dr
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From the preface of previous editio
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mass: kg g oz. Ib. kilogram: 1 kg =
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1 Adiabatic Abel Test This test on
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3 Airbag types of generators. Both
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5 Airbag 8 7 4 3 1 2 5 6 1. Ignitio
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7 Airbag ates and chlorates with ad
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9 Akardite III Specifications melti
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11 Ammongelit 2; 3 Aluminum Powder
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13 Ammonium Chloride Vapor pressure
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15 Ammonium Nitrate the most powerf
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17 Ammonium Perchlorate Higher dens
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19 Amorces Ammonium Picrate ammoniu
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21 Armor Plate Impact Test Aquarium
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23 Average Burning Rate front face
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25 Ballistic Bomb z(p/pmax) = p/pma
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27 Ballistic Mortar liveliness at p
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29 Barium Perchlorate Baratols Pour
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31 Bengal Fireworks An oxidizer in
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33 BICT employed, since differing v
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35 Black Powder and heat of explosi
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37 Blasting Gelatin agents are cons
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39 Booster Blasting Switch Zündsch
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41 Brisance Bridgewire Detonator Br
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43 Bullet-resistant Bulldoze Aufleg
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45 Burning Rate Burning Rate Abbran
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47 Butanetriol Trinitrate Butanedio
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49 Cap Sensitivity The following da
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51 Cap Sensitivity and initiated. N
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53 Case Bonding Table 3. Cartridge
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55 CDB Propellants Since W TNT is p
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57 Centralite III Centralite II dim
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59 Combustibility Class A, Class B
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61 Composite Propellants the chambe
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63 Confined Detonation Velocity Com
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65 Coyote Blasting Copper chromite
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67 Cutting Charges Curing Härten;
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69 Cylinder Expansion Test energy o
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71 Dangerous Goods Regulations Fig.
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73 Deflagration Point Deckmaster Tr
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75 Destruction of Explosive Materia
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77 Detonation fuses for the safe in
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79 Detonation The state variables w
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81 Detonation perature and pressure
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83 Detonation of aggregation. They
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85 Detonation 4. Sympathetic Detona
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87 Detonation Fig. 14. Gap test acc
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89 Detonation 6. Detonation Develop
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91 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene
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93 Dibutyl Phthalate at r = 1.5 g/c
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95 Diethyleneglycol Dinitrate Dieth
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97 Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
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99 4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan colorles
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101 Dinitrodioxyethyloxamide Dinitr
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103 Dinitroorthocresol molecular we
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105 Dinitrosobenzene energy of form
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107 Dinitrotoluene heat of fusion:
Page 122 and 123: 109 Diphenylamine oxygen balance: -
Page 124 and 125: 111 Ditching Dynamite Dipicrylurea
Page 126 and 127: 113 Dynaschoc An advantage of this
Page 128 and 129: 115 End of Burning Ednatol A cast e
Page 130 and 131: 117 Energy of Formation; Enthalpy o
Page 132 and 133: 119 Equation of State the calculati
Page 134 and 135: 121 Erythritol Tetranitrate Erosion
Page 136 and 137: 123 Ethylenediamine Dinitrate oxyge
Page 138 and 139: 125 Ethylphenylurethane Ethyl Nitra
Page 140 and 141: 127 Exothermal oxygen balance: -61.
Page 142 and 143: 129 Explosive Forming and Cladding
Page 144 and 145: 131 Explosives W Class A Explosives
Page 146 and 147: 133 Explosives W Diethyleneglycol D
Page 148 and 149: Table 12. Requirements on Industria
Page 150 and 151: 137 Firing Current combustion chamb
Page 152 and 153: 139 Fragmentation Test plosives wit
Page 154 and 155: 141 Friction Sensitivity Sensitiven
Page 156 and 157: 143 Fumes may lead to heavy interna
Page 158 and 159: 145 Gap Test Functioning Time Ignit
Page 160 and 161: 147 Gelatins; Gelatinous Explosives
Page 162 and 163: 149 Glycerol - 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Et
Page 164 and 165: 151 Glycidyl Azide Polymer lead blo
Page 166 and 167: 153 Guanidine Nitrate Guanidine Nit
Page 168 and 169: 155 Gunpowder them from influx of w
Page 170 and 171: 157 Gurney energy which these powde
Page 174 and 175: 161 Partial Heat of Explosion Compo
Page 176 and 177: 163 Heat Sensitivity In this way, r
Page 178 and 179: 165 Hexamethylene Diisocyanate oxyg
Page 180 and 181: 167 Hexanitroazobenzene energy of f
Page 182 and 183: 169 Hexanitrodiphenylaminoethyl Nit
Page 184 and 185: 171 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexanitrodipheny
Page 186 and 187: 173 Hexanitrooxanilide energy of fo
Page 188 and 189: 175 Hexogen heat of explosion calcu
Page 190 and 191: 177 Hot Storage Tests Specification
Page 192 and 193: 179 Hybrids criterion of the propel
Page 194 and 195: 181 Hygroscopicity melting point: s
Page 196 and 197: 183 Illuminant Composition Igniter
Page 198 and 199: 185 Impact Sensitivity each case. T
Page 200 and 201: 187 Impact Sensitivity Table 18. Im
Page 202 and 203: 189 To Inflame Table 20. High criti
Page 204 and 205: 191 Ion Propellants Non-brisant, i.
Page 206 and 207: 193 Lambrit impact sensitivity: 1.5
Page 208 and 209: 195 Lead Azide energy of formation:
Page 210 and 211: 197 Lead Block Test 25 mm in height
Page 212 and 213: 199 Lead Nitrate Lead Ethylhexanoat
Page 214 and 215: 201 Leading Lines heat of explosion
Page 216 and 217: 203 Liquid Propellants explosive st
Page 218 and 219: 205 LOVA Gun-Propellant LOVA An abb
Page 220 and 221: 207 Mannitol Hexanitrate Magazine S
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209 Mercury Fulminate lightly or he
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211 Methylamine Nitrate detonation
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213 Methyl Violet Test Methylphenyl
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215 Miniaturized Detonating Cord Mi
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217 Mud Cap Motor Motor; moteur Gen
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219 Nitrocarbonitrate and the use o
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221 Nitrocellulose the following da
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223 Nitroglycerine heat of explosio
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225 Nitroglycerine cerine produced
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227 Nitroglycol Nitroglycol ethylen
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229 Nitroguanidine; Picrite molecul
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231 Nitromethane detonation velocit
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233 Nitrostarch (H2O liq.): 1266 kc
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235 Nitrourea energy of formation:
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237 Octogen Nozzle Düse; tuyère M
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239 Oxidizer The compound is formed
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241 Parallel Connection The most fa
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243 Pentaerythritol Trinitrate Inje
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245 Permissibles; Permitted Explosi
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251 PETN vapor pressure: Pressure T
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253 Picratol Picramic Acid Dinitroa
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255 Plate Dent Test acid is prepare
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257 Poly-3,3-bis-(azidomethyl)-oxet
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259 Polyvinyl Nitrate PPG serves as
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261 Potassium Perchlorate It is use
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263 Prequalification Test Powder Fo
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265 Progressive Burning Powder Prim
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267 Propyleneglycol Dinitrate Prope
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269 Quick-Match Pyrophoric Material
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271 RID Relay An explosive train co
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273 Rocket Test Stand Rifle Bullet
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275 Sand Test The black powder cont
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277 Seismo-Gelit Screw extruders we
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279 Sensitivity 360 mm wide by 2 mm
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281 Shaped Charges ner can pierce s
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283 Silver Azide Shot Firer Sprengm
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285 SINCO ® Ignition booster and g
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287 Slurrit Skid Test This test is
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289 Solid Propellant Rockets The sa
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291 Specific Energy grain (Bernoull
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293 Squib Hc: enthalpy of the react
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295 Stabilizers Stabilizers Stabili
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297 Strength relevant parameter is
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299 Strength Fig. 22. Specific ener
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301 Surface Treatment Styphnic acid
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303 Tacot Fig. 24. Test results. Sy
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305 Tetramethylammonium Nitrate ing
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307 Tetranitrocarbazole 2,3,4,6-Tet
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309 Tetranitronaphthalene Tetranitr
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311 Tetryl Tetryl trinitro-2,4,6-ph
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313 Thermodynamic Calculation of De
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Table 34. Enthalpy and energy of fo
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337 TNT heat of explosion (H2O gas)
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339 Tracers Table 40. Data of the n
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341 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobe
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343 Triethyleneglycol Dinitrate thu
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345 Trimethyleneglycol Dinitrate Tr
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347 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine oxygen
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349 Trinitrobenzoic Acid lead block
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351 2,4,6-Trinitrocresol Pressure T
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353 Trinitrophenoxethyl nitrate Tri
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355 Trinitropyridine-N-oxide It is
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357 Underwater Detonations Trixogen
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359 Upsetting Tests From the observ
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361 U-Zünder Urea Nitrate Harnstof
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363 Volume of Explosion Gases Vibro
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365 Water Stemming cut off at one e
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367 Zinc Peroxide X-Ray Flash By us
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369 Literature Roth, J.F.: Sprengst
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371 Literature Gustafson, R.: Swedi
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373 Literature Wiech, R.E. und Stra
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375 Literature Zeldovich, J.B. und
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377 Literature Goad, K.J.W. und Arc
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379 Literature Los Alamos Shock Wav
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381 Literature Mining and Minerals
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383 Literature 5. Joint Internation
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Index aluminum powder 11; 12; 215;
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Index billet 33 binder 34 binary ex
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Index Cellulosenitrat W nitrocellul
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Index danger d’explosion en masse
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Index Dinol = diazodinitrophenol (g
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Index essai au bloc de plomb = lead
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Index fracture, épreuve de 139 fra
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Index HC = mixture of hexachloroeth
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Index IME = Institute of Makers of
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Index Lebhaftigkeitsfaktor = vivaci
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Index MNM = mononitromethane 231 M.
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Index Normalgasvolumen = Normalvolu
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Index plane wave generators = charg
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Index raté = misfire 216 RATO = ro
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Index SFF = EFP 281 S.G.P. = denomi
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Index TDI = toluene diisocyanate 33
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Index TPEON = tripentaerythroloctan
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Index W W I; W II; W III = permitte
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R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Explosives

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