R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Explosives

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5 Airbag 8 7 4 3 1 2 5 6 1. Ignition chamber 7. Nozzle holes 2. Igniter unit 8. Filter chamber 3. Pre-ignition unit 9. Filter 4. Nozzle holes 10.Deflector plate 5. Gas mixture 11.Filter chamber apertures 6. Combustion chamber 12.Gas generator housing Fig. 1. Sectional diagram of a pyrotechnical gas generator for airbags 2 3 7 1 4 5 6 9 11 10 9 12 1. Hybrid generator housing 2. Igniter 3. Pyrotechnic mixture 4. High-pressure vessel 5. Sealing disk 6. Filter pack 7. Pressure measurement device Fig. 2. Sectional diagram of a hybrid gas generator for airbags
Airbag 40 ms to inflate the airbag to the specification pressure. From the midseventies to the mid-nineties the vast majority of gas mixtures in pyrotechnic gas generators were based on sodium azide. Sodium azide reacts with oxidising agents that bond chemically to the resulting sodium as the nitrogen is liberated. Established oxidisers include the alkali and alkaline earth nitrates, metal oxides (e.g. CuO, Fe2O3), metal sulphides (e.g. MoS2) and sulphur. If necessary, slag forming agents (e.g. SiO2, aluminosilicates) are also added. The consequence of advances in environmental awareness is that gas mixtures containing azide are to be replaced because of the toxicity of their sodium azide, and this in spite of lower reaction temperature, purer nitrogen yield and greater long-term stability. However, one factor against sodium azide is that the correct disposal of unused gas mixtures throughout the world, which arise on a scale of thousands of tons per year, has not yet been guaranteed. With regard to azide-free gas mixtures, there have been numerous patents and initial applications since the early nineties. These new gas mixtures generate more gas per gram (gas yields from gas mixtures containing NaN3: 0.30–0.35 l/g) and thus enable smaller and to some extent a more lightweight construction of the gas generators. They can be classified into three categories: 1. High-nitrogen organic compounds (C, H, O, N) are combined with inorganic oxidisers: The fuels are, for example, 5-aminotetrazole, azodicarbonamide, W Guanidine nitrate, W Nitroguanidine, dicyandiamide, W Triaminoguanidine nitrate and similar compounds, as well as salts of, for example, 5-nitrobarbituric acid, urea derivatives and also nitramines and similar compounds. The oxidisers are, for example, alkali or alkaline earth nitrates, W Ammonium, alkali or alkaline earth perchlorates and metal oxides. Gas yield of these mixtures: 0.50–0.65 l/g. 2. Cellulose nitrate in combination (gelation) with nitrate esters of polyols (plus W Stabilisers and plasticizers), e.g. NC/NGL (W Nitroglycerine) or NC/EDDN (W Ethylenediamine dinitrate). Because of the unfavourable oxygen balance, it is necessary to secondary oxidise (e.g. with Hopcalite) to avoid excess CO formation. Despite favourable raw materials costs, the unfavourable storage stability, see below, must be noted here. Gas yield of the mixture: 0.8–0.9 g/l (not including the secondary oxidation). 3. High-oxygen, nitrogen-free organic compounds (C, H, O) are blended with inorganic oxidisers. The fuels used are, for example, tri or dicarboxylic acids (e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid) or similar compounds. The oxidisers used are especially perchlor- 6
Page 2 and 3: R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Expl
Page 4 and 5: Dr. Rudolf Meyer (†) (formerly: W
Page 6 and 7: Preface and Prof. Dr. P. Elsner, Dr
Page 8: From the preface of previous editio
Page 12 and 13: mass: kg g oz. Ib. kilogram: 1 kg =
Page 14 and 15: 1 Adiabatic Abel Test This test on
Page 16 and 17: 3 Airbag types of generators. Both
Page 20 and 21: 7 Airbag ates and chlorates with ad
Page 22 and 23: 9 Akardite III Specifications melti
Page 24 and 25: 11 Ammongelit 2; 3 Aluminum Powder
Page 26 and 27: 13 Ammonium Chloride Vapor pressure
Page 28 and 29: 15 Ammonium Nitrate the most powerf
Page 30 and 31: 17 Ammonium Perchlorate Higher dens
Page 32 and 33: 19 Amorces Ammonium Picrate ammoniu
Page 34 and 35: 21 Armor Plate Impact Test Aquarium
Page 36 and 37: 23 Average Burning Rate front face
Page 38 and 39: 25 Ballistic Bomb z(p/pmax) = p/pma
Page 40 and 41: 27 Ballistic Mortar liveliness at p
Page 42 and 43: 29 Barium Perchlorate Baratols Pour
Page 44 and 45: 31 Bengal Fireworks An oxidizer in
Page 46 and 47: 33 BICT employed, since differing v
Page 48 and 49: 35 Black Powder and heat of explosi
Page 50 and 51: 37 Blasting Gelatin agents are cons
Page 52 and 53: 39 Booster Blasting Switch Zündsch
Page 54 and 55: 41 Brisance Bridgewire Detonator Br
Page 56 and 57: 43 Bullet-resistant Bulldoze Aufleg
Page 58 and 59: 45 Burning Rate Burning Rate Abbran
Page 60 and 61: 47 Butanetriol Trinitrate Butanedio
Page 62 and 63: 49 Cap Sensitivity The following da
Page 64 and 65: 51 Cap Sensitivity and initiated. N
Page 66 and 67: 53 Case Bonding Table 3. Cartridge
Page 68 and 69:
55 CDB Propellants Since W TNT is p
Page 70 and 71:
57 Centralite III Centralite II dim
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59 Combustibility Class A, Class B
Page 74 and 75:
61 Composite Propellants the chambe
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63 Confined Detonation Velocity Com
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65 Coyote Blasting Copper chromite
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67 Cutting Charges Curing Härten;
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69 Cylinder Expansion Test energy o
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71 Dangerous Goods Regulations Fig.
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73 Deflagration Point Deckmaster Tr
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75 Destruction of Explosive Materia
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77 Detonation fuses for the safe in
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79 Detonation The state variables w
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81 Detonation perature and pressure
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83 Detonation of aggregation. They
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85 Detonation 4. Sympathetic Detona
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87 Detonation Fig. 14. Gap test acc
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89 Detonation 6. Detonation Develop
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91 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene
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93 Dibutyl Phthalate at r = 1.5 g/c
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95 Diethyleneglycol Dinitrate Dieth
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97 Dimethylhydrazine, unsymmetrical
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99 4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan colorles
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101 Dinitrodioxyethyloxamide Dinitr
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103 Dinitroorthocresol molecular we
Page 118 and 119:
105 Dinitrosobenzene energy of form
Page 120 and 121:
107 Dinitrotoluene heat of fusion:
Page 122 and 123:
109 Diphenylamine oxygen balance: -
Page 124 and 125:
111 Ditching Dynamite Dipicrylurea
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113 Dynaschoc An advantage of this
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115 End of Burning Ednatol A cast e
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117 Energy of Formation; Enthalpy o
Page 132 and 133:
119 Equation of State the calculati
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121 Erythritol Tetranitrate Erosion
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123 Ethylenediamine Dinitrate oxyge
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125 Ethylphenylurethane Ethyl Nitra
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127 Exothermal oxygen balance: -61.
Page 142 and 143:
129 Explosive Forming and Cladding
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131 Explosives W Class A Explosives
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133 Explosives W Diethyleneglycol D
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Table 12. Requirements on Industria
Page 150 and 151:
137 Firing Current combustion chamb
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139 Fragmentation Test plosives wit
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141 Friction Sensitivity Sensitiven
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143 Fumes may lead to heavy interna
Page 158 and 159:
145 Gap Test Functioning Time Ignit
Page 160 and 161:
147 Gelatins; Gelatinous Explosives
Page 162 and 163:
149 Glycerol - 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Et
Page 164 and 165:
151 Glycidyl Azide Polymer lead blo
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153 Guanidine Nitrate Guanidine Nit
Page 168 and 169:
155 Gunpowder them from influx of w
Page 170 and 171:
157 Gurney energy which these powde
Page 172 and 173:
159 Heat of Explosion usually have
Page 174 and 175:
161 Partial Heat of Explosion Compo
Page 176 and 177:
163 Heat Sensitivity In this way, r
Page 178 and 179:
165 Hexamethylene Diisocyanate oxyg
Page 180 and 181:
167 Hexanitroazobenzene energy of f
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169 Hexanitrodiphenylaminoethyl Nit
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171 2,4,6,2',4',6'-Hexanitrodipheny
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173 Hexanitrooxanilide energy of fo
Page 188 and 189:
175 Hexogen heat of explosion calcu
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177 Hot Storage Tests Specification
Page 192 and 193:
179 Hybrids criterion of the propel
Page 194 and 195:
181 Hygroscopicity melting point: s
Page 196 and 197:
183 Illuminant Composition Igniter
Page 198 and 199:
185 Impact Sensitivity each case. T
Page 200 and 201:
187 Impact Sensitivity Table 18. Im
Page 202 and 203:
189 To Inflame Table 20. High criti
Page 204 and 205:
191 Ion Propellants Non-brisant, i.
Page 206 and 207:
193 Lambrit impact sensitivity: 1.5
Page 208 and 209:
195 Lead Azide energy of formation:
Page 210 and 211:
197 Lead Block Test 25 mm in height
Page 212 and 213:
199 Lead Nitrate Lead Ethylhexanoat
Page 214 and 215:
201 Leading Lines heat of explosion
Page 216 and 217:
203 Liquid Propellants explosive st
Page 218 and 219:
205 LOVA Gun-Propellant LOVA An abb
Page 220 and 221:
207 Mannitol Hexanitrate Magazine S
Page 222 and 223:
209 Mercury Fulminate lightly or he
Page 224 and 225:
211 Methylamine Nitrate detonation
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213 Methyl Violet Test Methylphenyl
Page 228 and 229:
215 Miniaturized Detonating Cord Mi
Page 230 and 231:
217 Mud Cap Motor Motor; moteur Gen
Page 232 and 233:
219 Nitrocarbonitrate and the use o
Page 234 and 235:
221 Nitrocellulose the following da
Page 236 and 237:
223 Nitroglycerine heat of explosio
Page 238 and 239:
225 Nitroglycerine cerine produced
Page 240 and 241:
227 Nitroglycol Nitroglycol ethylen
Page 242 and 243:
229 Nitroguanidine; Picrite molecul
Page 244 and 245:
231 Nitromethane detonation velocit
Page 246 and 247:
233 Nitrostarch (H2O liq.): 1266 kc
Page 248 and 249:
235 Nitrourea energy of formation:
Page 250 and 251:
237 Octogen Nozzle Düse; tuyère M
Page 252 and 253:
239 Oxidizer The compound is formed
Page 254 and 255:
241 Parallel Connection The most fa
Page 256 and 257:
243 Pentaerythritol Trinitrate Inje
Page 258 and 259:
245 Permissibles; Permitted Explosi
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
251 PETN vapor pressure: Pressure T
Page 266 and 267:
253 Picratol Picramic Acid Dinitroa
Page 268 and 269:
255 Plate Dent Test acid is prepare
Page 270 and 271:
257 Poly-3,3-bis-(azidomethyl)-oxet
Page 272 and 273:
259 Polyvinyl Nitrate PPG serves as
Page 274 and 275:
261 Potassium Perchlorate It is use
Page 276 and 277:
263 Prequalification Test Powder Fo
Page 278 and 279:
265 Progressive Burning Powder Prim
Page 280 and 281:
267 Propyleneglycol Dinitrate Prope
Page 282 and 283:
269 Quick-Match Pyrophoric Material
Page 284 and 285:
271 RID Relay An explosive train co
Page 286 and 287:
273 Rocket Test Stand Rifle Bullet
Page 288 and 289:
275 Sand Test The black powder cont
Page 290 and 291:
277 Seismo-Gelit Screw extruders we
Page 292 and 293:
279 Sensitivity 360 mm wide by 2 mm
Page 294 and 295:
281 Shaped Charges ner can pierce s
Page 296 and 297:
283 Silver Azide Shot Firer Sprengm
Page 298 and 299:
285 SINCO ® Ignition booster and g
Page 300 and 301:
287 Slurrit Skid Test This test is
Page 302 and 303:
289 Solid Propellant Rockets The sa
Page 304 and 305:
291 Specific Energy grain (Bernoull
Page 306 and 307:
293 Squib Hc: enthalpy of the react
Page 308 and 309:
295 Stabilizers Stabilizers Stabili
Page 310 and 311:
297 Strength relevant parameter is
Page 312 and 313:
299 Strength Fig. 22. Specific ener
Page 314 and 315:
301 Surface Treatment Styphnic acid
Page 316 and 317:
303 Tacot Fig. 24. Test results. Sy
Page 318 and 319:
305 Tetramethylammonium Nitrate ing
Page 320 and 321:
307 Tetranitrocarbazole 2,3,4,6-Tet
Page 322 and 323:
309 Tetranitronaphthalene Tetranitr
Page 324 and 325:
311 Tetryl Tetryl trinitro-2,4,6-ph
Page 326 and 327:
313 Thermodynamic Calculation of De
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
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Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Table 34. Enthalpy and energy of fo
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
337 TNT heat of explosion (H2O gas)
Page 352 and 353:
339 Tracers Table 40. Data of the n
Page 354 and 355:
341 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobe
Page 356 and 357:
343 Triethyleneglycol Dinitrate thu
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345 Trimethyleneglycol Dinitrate Tr
Page 360 and 361:
347 1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine oxygen
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349 Trinitrobenzoic Acid lead block
Page 364 and 365:
351 2,4,6-Trinitrocresol Pressure T
Page 366 and 367:
353 Trinitrophenoxethyl nitrate Tri
Page 368 and 369:
355 Trinitropyridine-N-oxide It is
Page 370 and 371:
357 Underwater Detonations Trixogen
Page 372 and 373:
359 Upsetting Tests From the observ
Page 374 and 375:
361 U-Zünder Urea Nitrate Harnstof
Page 376 and 377:
363 Volume of Explosion Gases Vibro
Page 378 and 379:
365 Water Stemming cut off at one e
Page 380 and 381:
367 Zinc Peroxide X-Ray Flash By us
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369 Literature Roth, J.F.: Sprengst
Page 384 and 385:
371 Literature Gustafson, R.: Swedi
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373 Literature Wiech, R.E. und Stra
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375 Literature Zeldovich, J.B. und
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377 Literature Goad, K.J.W. und Arc
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379 Literature Los Alamos Shock Wav
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381 Literature Mining and Minerals
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383 Literature 5. Joint Internation
Page 398 and 399:
Index aluminum powder 11; 12; 215;
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Index billet 33 binder 34 binary ex
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Index Cellulosenitrat W nitrocellul
Page 404 and 405:
Index danger d’explosion en masse
Page 406 and 407:
Index Dinol = diazodinitrophenol (g
Page 408 and 409:
Index essai au bloc de plomb = lead
Page 410 and 411:
Index fracture, épreuve de 139 fra
Page 412 and 413:
Index HC = mixture of hexachloroeth
Page 414 and 415:
Index IME = Institute of Makers of
Page 416 and 417:
Index Lebhaftigkeitsfaktor = vivaci
Page 418 and 419:
Index MNM = mononitromethane 231 M.
Page 420 and 421:
Index Normalgasvolumen = Normalvolu
Page 422 and 423:
Index plane wave generators = charg
Page 424 and 425:
Index raté = misfire 216 RATO = ro
Page 426 and 427:
Index SFF = EFP 281 S.G.P. = denomi
Page 428 and 429:
Index TDI = toluene diisocyanate 33
Page 430 and 431:
Index TPEON = tripentaerythroloctan
Page 432 and 433:
Index W W I; W II; W III = permitte
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R. Meyer J. Köhler A. Homburg Explosives

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