Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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ð Þ Thus, the lower limit on KC yields the upper limit on the composite CTE (and vice versa). Shapery demonstrated that the upper limit coincides with the expression derived by Kerner. The lower limit of Schapery and the Turner model describe composites with reinforcement forming a percolative interpenetrating network. It is noted that the theoretical CTE values predicted by these models do not closely match experimental results in some cases. This is because internal stresses are created within the composite as a result of the difference in CTEs between composite components. This leads to plastic yielding of the metal matrix of the composite. More recently, Geffroy et al. determined the thermal conductivity of copper film reinforced with 30 and 40 vol.% carbon fibers (pitch type) [7]. The thermal conductivity and CTE properties of Cu/CF composites are strongly anisotropic as shown in Table 3.1. The anisotropic properties arise from the preferential orientation of carbon fibers in the composites. Moreover, the measured values of thermal conductivity parallel to the surface films agree reasonably with those predicted from the Hashin and Shtrikman model. However, the experimental thermal conductivity values perpendicular to surface films deviate markedly from theoretical predictions. 3.2 Thermal Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocomposites 3.2.1 Aluminum-Based Nanocomposites 3.2 Thermal Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocompositesj93 Aluminum is an ideal material for heat dissipation in microelectronic devices due to its reasonably good thermal conductivity; its shortcoming is its relatively high CTE value (Table 3.1). The incorporation of CNTs with low CTE into Al can effectively reduce its thermal expansion. Tang et al. investigated the thermal behavior of nanocrystalline aluminum reinforced with SWNTs of different volume fractions [20]. The nanocomposites were prepared by mixing Al nanopowders and purified SWNTs in alcohol under sonication. The mixture was dried, cold compacted into disks, followed by hot consolidation at 380 C. Figure 3.1 shows the relative thermal expansion vs temperature plots for coarse-grained Al, single crystal silicon and Al/15 vol.%SWNT nanocomposite specimens. The dimensional changes of these specimens increase with increasing temperature. The difference between the composite and Si is about one fifth of that between the coarse-grained Al and Si. Thus, CNTaddition improves the thermal stability of the nanocomposite considerably. The CTE vs temperature plots for coarse-grained Al, Si and Al/SWNT nanocomposites containing different filler contents are given in Figure 3.2. Apparently the CTEs of the nanocomposites decrease with increasing SWNTcontent. The CTE of the Al/15 vol% SWNTnanocomposite is about one third of that of nano-Al at the temperature range of 50–250 C, indicating that the CNTs effectively restrict the thermal expansion of the matrix. Since SWNTs are very effective in reducing the CTE of aluminum, the resulting nanocomposite shows great promise for electronic packaging applications. Very recently, Deng et al. also reported a beneficial effect of MWNTs in reducing the
94j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube–Metal Nanocomposites Figure 3.1 Linear thermal expansion curves of coarse-grained Al, single crystal silicon and Al/15 vol% SWNT nanocomposite specimens. Reproduced with permission from [20]. Copyright Ó (2004) Elsevier. CTE of 2024 Al alloy. The addition of 1 wt% MWNT to the 2024 Al decreases its CTE by nearly 11% at 50 C [21]. Figure 3.3 shows the experimental and theoretical plots of CTE vs CNTcontent for the Al/SWNTnanocomposites. The measured CTE values of the nanocomposites are Figure 3.2 Temperature dependence of CTE of coarse-grained Al, single crystal silicon coarse-grained Al, single crystal silicon and Al/15 vol% SWNT nanocomposite specimens and Al/15 vol% SWNT nanocomposite specimens. Reproduced with permission from [20]. Copyright Ó (2004) Elsevier.
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
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Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
Page 78 and 79: limited improvement in ultimate ten
Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
Page 82 and 83: Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
Page 88 and 89: 2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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Page 98 and 99: Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
Page 100 and 101: composite. Materials Science and En
Page 102: 111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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Page 117 and 118: 102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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144j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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