Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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increase in the heat flux in the devices. The heat dissipation issue is of primarily importance to the performance and reliability of electronic devices. For composite materials, formation of thermally conductive networks through appropriate packing of the fillers in the matrix is an effective route to achieve rapid heat dissipation. Therefore, CNTs with excellent electrical and thermal conductivity are attractive fillers for insulating ceramics that are widely used in electronic industries. Ideally, CNTs with large aspect ratios favor formation of a thermally conductive network near the percolation threshold. However, there is no experimental evidence of thermal percolation threshold in CNT composites [8, 9]. It is generally known that the transport of heat in materials occurs by phonons. When heat is transported across the interface of composites, a temperature discontinuity occurs at the interface due to interfacial resistance. This originates from the acoustic mismatch and weaker interatomic bonding between the filler and matrix at the interface [10]. 6.2 Electrical Behavior 6.2 Electrical Behaviorj171 The electrical conductivity of CNT–ceramic nanocomposites depends greatly on the processing route employed. Peigney et al. [Chap. 5, Ref. 59] employed a catalytic CVD process for the in situ production of Fe-Al2O3/CNT composite powders. Doublewalled CNTs or SWNTs were synthesized in situ using metal oxide solid solution precursors. The synthesized composite powders were then subjected to hot pressing at 1500 C under 43 MPa for 15 min. The electrical conductivity of Fe-Al2O3/8.5 vol% CNT and Fe-Al2O3/10 vol% CNT nanocomposite was determined to be 40–80 and 280–400 S m 1 , respectively. As mentioned before, such in situ nanocomposite is quite porous having a relative density of 88.7%. The high hot-pressing temperature causes a structural damage to CNTs, thereby yielding lower electrical conductivity. Mukherjee and coworkers [11] prepared Al2O3/5.7vol%SWNT, Al2O3/10vol% SWNT and Al2O3/15vol% SWNT nanocomposites by blending and ball milling SWNTs with alumina nanopowders, followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1150–1200 C for 3 min. Pristine alumina was also prepared by SPS for the purpose of comparison. The results are listed in Table 6.1. Apparently, the addition of 5.7 vol% SWNT to alumina increases its electrical conductivity from 10 12 to 1050 S m 1 , being fifteen orders of magnitude of enhancement in conductivity. The electrical conductivity of alumina increases further to 3345 S m 1 by adding 15 vol% SWNT. A dramatic increase is electrical conductivity is attributed to the retention of the integrity of SWNTs and densification of such nanocomposites prepared by SPS at lower temperatures. Yamamoto et al. [Chap. 5, Ref. 71] fabricated Al2O3/0.9vol% MWNT, Al2O3/1.9vol% MWNTandAl2O3/3.7vol%MWNTnanocompositesbydispersingacidtreatedMWNTs in ethanol ultrasonically. Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide were then added to the nanotube suspension under sonication. The resulting composite powders were subjected to SPS at 1500 C under a pressure of 20 MPa for 10 min. In spite of the formation of dense nanocomposites, the relatively high sintering
172j 6 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube–Ceramic Nanocomposites Table 6.1 Effect of sintering temperature on the electrical conductivity of Al2O3/CNT nanocomposites. Materials SPS conditions temperature (1500 C) destroys the structural integrity of CNTs. Consequently, the electrical conductivity of these nanocomposites is rather low (Table 6.1). 6.3 Percolation Concentration Percolation theory is commonly used to describe and analyze the behavior of connected clusters in a random structure, in order to predict whether a system is macroscopically connected or not. This macroscopic connectivity is of primarily importance to many physical phenomena such as fluid flow, electric current flow, heat flux, diffusion, and so on [4, 5]. Broadbent and Hammersley introduced lattice models for the flow of fluid particles through a random medium. They reported that the fluid would not flow if the concentration of active medium is smaller than a threshold value or percolation probability [12]. For the resistor network medium, the flow of electrons across resistors is analogous to the spread of fluid particles in a random medium. Kirkpatrick extended this concept into a random resistor network consisting of conducting and nonconducting materials [13, 14]. The corresponding expression for d.c. electrical conductivity (s) is given by: s /ðP PcÞ t ð6:1Þ where P and Pc are the occupied probability and percolation probability of the lattice, and t is the conductivity exponent. In continuum percolation theory, the s and dielectric constant (e) of the composite containing conducting fillers generally follow the power law relation [15, 16]: s /ðp pcÞ t s /ðpc pÞ s e /jp pcj s 0 Relative density (%) Electrical conductivity (S m 1 ) Al 2O 3 Ref [11] 1150 C, 3 min 100 10 12 Al2O3/5.7vol% SWNT Ref [11] 1150 C, 3 min 100 1050 Al 2O 3/10 vol% SWNT Ref [11] 1200 C, 3 min 99 1510 Al2O3/15 vol% SWNT Ref [11] 1150 C, 3 min 99 3345 Al 2O 3 Ref [5.71] 1500 C, 10 min 98.6 10 10 –10 12 Al2O3/0.9vol% MWNT [Chap. 5, Ref. 71] 1500 C, 10 min 99.2 1.3 · 10 3 Al 2O 3/1.9vol% MWNT [Chap. 5, Ref. 71] 1500 C, 10 min 98.9 1.3 Al2O3/3.7vol% MWNT [Chap. 5, Ref. 71] 1500 C, 10 min 97.7 65.3 for p>pc ð6:2Þ for p>pc ð6:3Þ for p < pc; p>pc ð6:4Þ
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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