Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanotubes with unique, remarkable physical and mechanical characteristics are attractive materials for advanced engineering applications. Scientists from research laboratories worldwide have developed novel technical processes for the synthesis of nanotubes. Table 1.1 lists the patent processes approved by the United States Patent and Trademark Office recently for the synthesis of CNTs. US Patent 7329398 discloses a process for the production of CNTs or VGCFs by suspending metal catalyst nanoparticles in a gaseous phase [91]. Nanoparticles are prepared in the form of a colloidal solution in the presence or absence of a surfactant. They are then introduced in a gaseous phase into a heated reactor by spraying, injection or atomization together with a carrier and/or a carbon Source. Consequently, most of the problems faced by the conventional gas-phase synthetic processes can be overcome by this novel method. US Patent 7008605 discloses a non-catalytic process for producing MWNTs by using electric arc discharge technique [92]. The electric current creates an electric arc between the carbon anode and cathode under a protective inert gas atmosphere. The arc vaporizes carbon anode, depositing carbonaceous species on the carbon cathode. The anode and cathode are cooled continuously during discharge. When the electric current is terminated, the carbonaceous residue is removed from the cathode and is purified to yield CNTs. Table 1.1 Patent processes for production of carbon nanotubes. Patent Number and Year 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj17 Type of Nanotubes Fabrication Process Inventor Assignee US 7329398 MWNTs, Vapor phase Kim, Y.N. KH Chemicals (2008) VGCF growth Co. (Korea) US 7008605 MWNTs Electric arc Benavides, J.M. NASA (USA) (2006) discharge US 7094385 MWNTs CVD Beguin; F., Delpeux; S., CNRS (Paris, (2006) Szostak; K. France) US 7087207 Oriented Laser ablation fol- Smalley, R. E., Colbert Rice University (2006) SWNTs lowed by oxidation D.T., Dai, H., Liu, J.; (USA) and alignment in Rinzler, A.G.; Hafner, an electric field J.H.; Smith, K., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess. A. US 6962892 SWNTs CO Resasco, D.E, University of (2005) disproportionation Kitiyanan, B., Harwell, J.H., Alvarez, W.E Oklahoma (USA) US 6994907 SWNTs CO Resasco, D.E, University of (2006) disproportionation Kitiyanan, B., Harwell, J.H., Alvarez, W.E Oklahoma (USA)
18j 1 Introduction US Patent 7094385 discloses a process for the selective mass production of MWNTs from the decomposition of acetylene diluted with nitrogen on a CoxMg(1 x)O solid solution at 500–900 C [93]. Acetylene is a less expensive Source of carbon and easy to use due to its low decomposition temperature, of 500 C. The process comprises a catalytic step consisting of the formation of nascent hydrogen in situ by acetylene decomposition such that CoO is progressively reduced to Co nanometric clusters: C2H2 ! 2C þ H2 ð1:5Þ hCoOiþH2 !hCoiþH2O ð1:6Þ where hCoi represents the Co particles supported on the oxide. US Patent 7087207 discloses the use of a purified bucky paper of SWNTs as the starting material [94]. Upon oxidation of the bucky paper at 500 C in an atmosphere of oxygen and CO2, many tube and rope ends protrude from the surface of the paper. Placing the resulting bucky paper in an electric field can cause the protruding tubes and ropes of SWNTs to align in a direction perpendicular to the paper surface. These tubes tend to coalesce to form a molecular array. For CO disproportionation, US Patent 6962892 discloses the types of catalytic metal particles used for nanotube synthesis. The bimetallic catalyst contains one metal from Group VIII including Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt, and one metal from Group VIB including Cr, W, and Mo. Specific examples include Co–Cr, Co–W, Co–Mo, Ni–Cr, and so on [95]. US Patent 6994907 discloses controlled production of SWNTs based on a reliable quantitative measurement of the yield of nanotubes through the temperature-programmed oxidation technique under CO disproportionation [96]. This permits the selectivity of a particular catalyst and optimizes reaction condition for producing CNTs. The Co : Mo/SiO2 catalysts contain Co:Mo molar ratios of 1 : 2 and 1 : 4 exhibit the highest selectivities towards SWNTs. 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotubes 1.4.1 Purification Processes As mentioned above, CNTs prepared from arc discharge, laser ablation and CVD techniques contain various impurities such as amorphous carbon, fullerenes, graphite particles and metal catalysts. The presence of impurities can affect the performance of CNTs and their functional products significantly. Therefore, these impurities must be removed completely from nanotubes using appropriate methods. Typical techniques include gas-phase oxidation [97–99], liquid-phase oxidation [100–106] and physical separation [107–110]. Gas-phase and liquid-phase oxidative treatments are simple practices for removing carbonaceous byproducts and metal impurities from CNTs. In the former case, CNTs
Page 2 and 3: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
Page 8 and 9: 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
Page 10: Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
Page 13 and 14: XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
Page 16 and 17: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
Page 20 and 21: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
Page 22 and 23: MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
Page 28 and 29: show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
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Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
Page 78 and 79: limited improvement in ultimate ten
Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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