Figure 5.29 SEM fractographs of spark plasma sintered (a) Si3N4 at 1500 C for 3 min under 50 MPa <strong>and</strong> (b) Si3N4/1 wt% MWNT nanocomposite at 1500 C for 3 min under 100 MPa. Reproduced with permission from [120]. Copyright Ó (2005) Elsevier. They reported that CNTs were missing in the nanocomposite hipped at 20 MPa for 3 h due to the destruction of CNTs during prolonged processing treatment. <strong>Carbon</strong> nanotubes survived in the nanocomposite hipped at 2 MPa for 1 h. However, the composite is porous having coarser grain structure [120]. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, SPS results in denser composites with nanocrystalline structure (Figure 5.29(a) <strong>and</strong> (b)). Ball milling MWNT, Si 3N 4 <strong>and</strong> sintering aids in ethanol under sonication do not provide sufficient dispersion of CNTs. MWNTs are mainly located in intergranular regions, <strong>and</strong> clustering of nanotubes can be readily seen in the micrographs. References 1 Zhang, S., Sun, D., Fu, Y. <strong>and</strong> Du, H. (2005) Toughening of hard nanostructured thin films: A critical review. Surface & Coatings Technology, 198, 2–8. 2 Gupta, T.K., Bechtold, J.H., Kuznicki, R.C., Cadoff, L.H. <strong>and</strong> Rossing, B.R. (1977) Stabilization of tetragonal phase in polycrystalline zirconia. Journal of Materials Science, 12, 2421–2426. 3 Heuer, A.H., Claussen, N., Kriven, W.M. <strong>and</strong> Ruhle, M. (1982) Stability of tetragonal ZrO2 particles in ceramic matrices. Journal of the American <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society, 65, 642–650. Referencesj161 4 Heuer, A.H. (1987) Transformation toughening in ZrO 2-containing ceramics. Journal of the American <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society, 70, 689–698. 5 Budiansky, B., Amazigo, J.C. <strong>and</strong> Evans, A.G. (1988) Small-scale crack bridging <strong>and</strong> the fracture toughness of particulatereinforced ceramics. Journal of the Mechanics <strong>and</strong> Physics of Solids, 36, 167–187. 6 Mataga, P.A. (1989) Deformation of crackbridging ductile reinforcements in toughened brittle materials. Acta <strong>Metal</strong>lurgica, 37, 3349–3359. 7 Bao, G. <strong>and</strong> Hui, C.Y. (1990) Effects of interface debonding on the toughness of
162j 5 <strong>Carbon</strong> <strong>Nanotube</strong>–<strong>Ceramic</strong> Nanocomposites ductile-particle reinforced ceramics. International Journal of Solids <strong>and</strong> Structures, 26, 631–642. 8 Agrawal, P. <strong>and</strong> Sun, C.T. (2004) Fracture in metal-ceramic composites. <strong>Composites</strong> Science <strong>and</strong> Technology, 64, 1167–1178. 9 Zimmermann, A., Hoffman, M., Emmel, T., Gross, D. <strong>and</strong> Rodel, J. (2001) Failure of metal-ceramic composites with spherical inclusions. Acta Materialia, 49, 3177–3187. 10 Knowles, K.M. <strong>and</strong> Turan, S. (2002) Boron nitride-silicon carbide interphase boundaries in silicon nitride-silicon carbide particulate composites. Journal of the European <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society, 22, 1587–1600. 11 Liu, Y.S., Cheng, L., Zhang, L., Hua, Y. <strong>and</strong> Yang, W. (2008) Microstructure <strong>and</strong> properties of particle reinforced silicon <strong>and</strong> silicon nitride ceramic matrix composites prepared by chemical vapor infiltration. Materials Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering A, 475, 217–223. 12 Hua, Y., Zhang, L., Cheng, L. <strong>and</strong> Wang, J. (2006) Silicon carbide whisker reinforced silicon carbide composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Materials Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering A, 428, 346–350. 13 Park, K. <strong>and</strong> Vasilos, T. (1998) Interface <strong>and</strong> thermal shock resistance of SiC fiber/ SiC composites. Scripta Materialia, 39, 1593–1598. 14 Zhu, S., Mizuno, M., Kagawa, Y. <strong>and</strong> Mutoh, Y. (1999) Monotonic tension, fatigue <strong>and</strong> creep behavior of SiC-fiberreinforced SiC-matrix composites: A review. Materials Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering A, 59, 833–851. 15 Dong, S.M., Katoh, Y., Kohyama, A., Schwab, S.T. <strong>and</strong> Snead, L.L. (2002) Mirostructural evolution <strong>and</strong> mechanical performances of SiC/SiC composites by polymer impregnation/microwave pyrolysis (PIMP) process. <strong>Ceramic</strong>s International, 28, 899–905. 16 Li, B., Zhang, C.R., Cao, F., Wang, S.Q., Cao, C.B., Feng, J. <strong>and</strong> Chen, B. (2008) Fabrication of high density threedimensional carbon fiber reinforced nitride composites by precursor infiltration <strong>and</strong> pyrolysis. Advances in Applied <strong>Ceramic</strong>s, 107, 1–3. 17 Rocha, R.M., Cairo, C.A. <strong>and</strong> Graca, M.L. (2006) Formation of carbon-fiberreinforced ceramics matrix composites with polysiloxane/silicon derived matrix. Materials Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering A, 437, 268–273. 18 Mishra, R..S., Lesher, C.E. <strong>and</strong> Mukherjee, A.K. (1996) High-pressure sintering of nanocrystalline g-Al2O3. Journal of the American <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society, 79, 2989–2992. 19 Zhan, G.D., Kuntz, J., Wan, J., Garay, J. <strong>and</strong> Mukherjee, A.K. (2002) Aluminabased nanocomposites consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Scripta Materialia, 47, 737–741. 20 Kim, B.N., Hiraga, K., Morita, K. <strong>and</strong> Yoshida, H. (2007) Spark plasma sintering of transparent alumina. Scripta Materialia, 57, 607–610. 21 Hiraga, K., Kim, B.N., Morita, K., Yoshida, H., Suzuki, T.S. <strong>and</strong> Sakka, Y. (2007) High-strain-rate superplasticity in oxide ceramics. Science <strong>and</strong> Technology of Advanced Materials, 8, 578–587. 22 Zhou, X., Hulbert, D.L., Kuntz, J.D., Sadangi, R.K., Shukla, V., Kear, B.H. <strong>and</strong> Mukherjee, A.M. (2005) Superplasticity of zirconia-aluminaspinel nanoceramic composite by spark plasma sintering of plasma sprayed powders. Materials Science <strong>and</strong> Engineering A, 394, 353–359. 23 Niihara, K. (1991) New design concept of structural ceramics-ceramic nanocomposites. Journal of the <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society of Japan, 99, 974–982. 24 Niihara, K. <strong>and</strong> Nakahira, A. (1992) Sintering behaviors <strong>and</strong> consolidation process for Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites. Journal of the <strong>Ceramic</strong> Society of Japan, 100, 448–453. 25 Anya, C.C. (1999) Microstructural nature of strengthening <strong>and</strong> toughening in
- Page 2 and 3:
Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
- Page 4 and 5:
Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
- Page 6 and 7:
Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
- Page 8 and 9:
5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
- Page 10:
Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
- Page 13 and 14:
XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
- Page 16 and 17:
1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
- Page 18 and 19:
Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
- Page 20 and 21:
1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
- Page 22 and 23:
MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
- Page 24 and 25:
Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
- Page 26 and 27:
1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
- Page 28 and 29:
show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
- Page 30 and 31:
Since then, large efforts have been
- Page 32 and 33:
1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
- Page 34 and 35:
1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
- Page 36 and 37:
Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
- Page 38 and 39:
Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
- Page 40 and 41:
1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
- Page 42 and 43:
Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
- Page 44 and 45:
Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
- Page 46 and 47:
Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
- Page 48 and 49:
Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
- Page 50 and 51:
carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
- Page 52 and 53:
70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
- Page 54 and 55:
108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
- Page 56 and 57:
Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
- Page 58 and 59:
2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
- Page 60 and 61:
isostatic pressing. In certain case
- Page 62 and 63:
This implies the absence of effecti
- Page 64 and 65:
coating material, the plasma gun an
- Page 66 and 67:
Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
- Page 68 and 69:
Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
- Page 70 and 71:
Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
- Page 72 and 73:
Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
- Page 74 and 75:
Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
- Page 76 and 77:
2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
- Page 78 and 79:
limited improvement in ultimate ten
- Page 80 and 81:
Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
- Page 82 and 83:
Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
- Page 84 and 85:
Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
- Page 86 and 87:
Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
- Page 88 and 89:
2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
- Page 90 and 91:
Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
- Page 92 and 93:
Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
- Page 94 and 95:
Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
- Page 96 and 97:
einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
- Page 98 and 99:
Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
- Page 100 and 101:
composite. Materials Science and En
- Page 102:
111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
- Page 105 and 106:
90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
- Page 107 and 108:
92j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
- Page 109 and 110:
94j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
- Page 111 and 112:
96j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
- Page 113 and 114:
98j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
- Page 115 and 116:
100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 117 and 118:
102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 119 and 120:
104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 121 and 122:
106j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 123 and 124:
108j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 125 and 126: 110j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 127 and 128: 112j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 129 and 130: 114j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 131 and 132: 116j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 133 and 134: 118j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 135 and 136: 120j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 137 and 138: 122j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 139 and 140: 124j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 141 and 142: 126j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 143 and 144: 128j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 145 and 146: 130j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
- Page 147 and 148: 132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 149 and 150: 134j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 151 and 152: 136j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 153 and 154: 138j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 155 and 156: 140j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 157 and 158: 142j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 159 and 160: 144j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 161 and 162: 146j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 163 and 164: 148j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 165 and 166: 150j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 167 and 168: 152j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 169 and 170: 154j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 171 and 172: 156j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 173 and 174: 158j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 175: 160j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 179 and 180: 164j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 181 and 182: 166j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 183 and 184: 168j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
- Page 185 and 186: 170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 187 and 188: 172j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 189 and 190: 174j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 191 and 192: 176j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 193 and 194: 178j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 195 and 196: 180j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 197 and 198: 182j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 199 and 200: 184j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
- Page 201 and 202: 186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 203 and 204: 188j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 205 and 206: 190j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 207 and 208: 192j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 209 and 210: 194j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 211 and 212: 196j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 213 and 214: 198j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 215 and 216: 200j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 217 and 218: 202j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 219 and 220: 204j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 221 and 222: 206j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 223 and 224: 208j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 225 and 226: 210j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 227 and 228:
212j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 229 and 230:
214j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
- Page 231 and 232:
Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
- Page 233 and 234:
218j 8 Conclusions development of c
- Page 235 and 236:
220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
- Page 237 and 238:
222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
- Page 239 and 240:
224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
- Page 241 and 242:
226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
- Page 243:
228j Index l laser ablation 7 load