Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Figure 5.29 SEM fractographs of spark plasma sintered (a) Si3N4 at 1500 C for 3 min under 50 MPa and (b) Si3N4/1 wt% MWNT nanocomposite at 1500 C for 3 min under 100 MPa. Reproduced with permission from [120]. Copyright Ó (2005) Elsevier. They reported that CNTs were missing in the nanocomposite hipped at 20 MPa for 3 h due to the destruction of CNTs during prolonged processing treatment. Carbon nanotubes survived in the nanocomposite hipped at 2 MPa for 1 h. However, the composite is porous having coarser grain structure [120]. On the other hand, SPS results in denser composites with nanocrystalline structure (Figure 5.29(a) and (b)). Ball milling MWNT, Si 3N 4 and sintering aids in ethanol under sonication do not provide sufficient dispersion of CNTs. MWNTs are mainly located in intergranular regions, and clustering of nanotubes can be readily seen in the micrographs. References 1 Zhang, S., Sun, D., Fu, Y. and Du, H. (2005) Toughening of hard nanostructured thin films: A critical review. Surface & Coatings Technology, 198, 2–8. 2 Gupta, T.K., Bechtold, J.H., Kuznicki, R.C., Cadoff, L.H. and Rossing, B.R. (1977) Stabilization of tetragonal phase in polycrystalline zirconia. Journal of Materials Science, 12, 2421–2426. 3 Heuer, A.H., Claussen, N., Kriven, W.M. and Ruhle, M. (1982) Stability of tetragonal ZrO2 particles in ceramic matrices. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 65, 642–650. Referencesj161 4 Heuer, A.H. (1987) Transformation toughening in ZrO 2-containing ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 70, 689–698. 5 Budiansky, B., Amazigo, J.C. and Evans, A.G. (1988) Small-scale crack bridging and the fracture toughness of particulatereinforced ceramics. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 36, 167–187. 6 Mataga, P.A. (1989) Deformation of crackbridging ductile reinforcements in toughened brittle materials. Acta Metallurgica, 37, 3349–3359. 7 Bao, G. and Hui, C.Y. (1990) Effects of interface debonding on the toughness of
162j 5 Carbon Nanotube–Ceramic Nanocomposites ductile-particle reinforced ceramics. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 26, 631–642. 8 Agrawal, P. and Sun, C.T. (2004) Fracture in metal-ceramic composites. Composites Science and Technology, 64, 1167–1178. 9 Zimmermann, A., Hoffman, M., Emmel, T., Gross, D. and Rodel, J. (2001) Failure of metal-ceramic composites with spherical inclusions. Acta Materialia, 49, 3177–3187. 10 Knowles, K.M. and Turan, S. (2002) Boron nitride-silicon carbide interphase boundaries in silicon nitride-silicon carbide particulate composites. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 22, 1587–1600. 11 Liu, Y.S., Cheng, L., Zhang, L., Hua, Y. and Yang, W. (2008) Microstructure and properties of particle reinforced silicon and silicon nitride ceramic matrix composites prepared by chemical vapor infiltration. Materials Science and Engineering A, 475, 217–223. 12 Hua, Y., Zhang, L., Cheng, L. and Wang, J. (2006) Silicon carbide whisker reinforced silicon carbide composites by chemical vapor infiltration. Materials Science and Engineering A, 428, 346–350. 13 Park, K. and Vasilos, T. (1998) Interface and thermal shock resistance of SiC fiber/ SiC composites. Scripta Materialia, 39, 1593–1598. 14 Zhu, S., Mizuno, M., Kagawa, Y. and Mutoh, Y. (1999) Monotonic tension, fatigue and creep behavior of SiC-fiberreinforced SiC-matrix composites: A review. Materials Science and Engineering A, 59, 833–851. 15 Dong, S.M., Katoh, Y., Kohyama, A., Schwab, S.T. and Snead, L.L. (2002) Mirostructural evolution and mechanical performances of SiC/SiC composites by polymer impregnation/microwave pyrolysis (PIMP) process. Ceramics International, 28, 899–905. 16 Li, B., Zhang, C.R., Cao, F., Wang, S.Q., Cao, C.B., Feng, J. and Chen, B. (2008) Fabrication of high density threedimensional carbon fiber reinforced nitride composites by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 107, 1–3. 17 Rocha, R.M., Cairo, C.A. and Graca, M.L. (2006) Formation of carbon-fiberreinforced ceramics matrix composites with polysiloxane/silicon derived matrix. Materials Science and Engineering A, 437, 268–273. 18 Mishra, R..S., Lesher, C.E. and Mukherjee, A.K. (1996) High-pressure sintering of nanocrystalline g-Al2O3. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 79, 2989–2992. 19 Zhan, G.D., Kuntz, J., Wan, J., Garay, J. and Mukherjee, A.K. (2002) Aluminabased nanocomposites consolidated by spark plasma sintering. Scripta Materialia, 47, 737–741. 20 Kim, B.N., Hiraga, K., Morita, K. and Yoshida, H. (2007) Spark plasma sintering of transparent alumina. Scripta Materialia, 57, 607–610. 21 Hiraga, K., Kim, B.N., Morita, K., Yoshida, H., Suzuki, T.S. and Sakka, Y. (2007) High-strain-rate superplasticity in oxide ceramics. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 8, 578–587. 22 Zhou, X., Hulbert, D.L., Kuntz, J.D., Sadangi, R.K., Shukla, V., Kear, B.H. and Mukherjee, A.M. (2005) Superplasticity of zirconia-aluminaspinel nanoceramic composite by spark plasma sintering of plasma sprayed powders. Materials Science and Engineering A, 394, 353–359. 23 Niihara, K. (1991) New design concept of structural ceramics-ceramic nanocomposites. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 99, 974–982. 24 Niihara, K. and Nakahira, A. (1992) Sintering behaviors and consolidation process for Al2O3/SiC nanocomposites. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 100, 448–453. 25 Anya, C.C. (1999) Microstructural nature of strengthening and toughening in
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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Page 125 and 126: 110j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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Page 185 and 186: 170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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212j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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214j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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