Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5 wt% CNT bulk nanocomposite showing homogeneous dispersion of CNTs within the metal matrix. Reproduced with permission from [46]. Copyright Ó (2007) Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH. 2.4 Aluminum-Based Nanocompositesj59 turns applied to the disk and the magnitude of applied pressure control the final grain sizes of deformed materials. In ECAP, an intense plastic strain is imposed by pressing a sample in a die consisting of two channels equal in cross section, intersecting at an angle ranging from 90 to 157 . The billet retains the same cross-sectional area so that repetitive pressings can be applied to accumulate large plastic strains [47]. In practice, ECAP is more attractive because it can refine the grain sizes of bulk MMCs billets to the submicrometer region [48–50]. ECAP treatment can also improve the homogeneity of reinforcement distribution in the matrix of Al-based MMCs [50]. Apart from grain refinement of metallic materials, HPT has been used to consolidate powder materials to form titanium matrix nanocomposites [51]. An in-depth understanding on the microstructure and deformation behavior of the HPT and ECAP prepared metal-matrix nanocomposites is still lacking. More recently, Tokunaga et al. attempted to use HPT to produce Al-based nanocomposites reinforced with 5 wt% SWNT and 5 wt% fullerene, respectively [52, 53]. In the process, Al powder (75 mm) was mixed with either SWNTor fullerene in ethanol ultrasonically followed by evaporating the solvent. The powder mixture was then placed in a central hole located at the lower anvil. The two anvils were brought into contact to apply a pressure on the disk. The lower anvil was rotated with respect to the upper anvil at a rotation speed of 1 rpm. A pressure of 2.5 GPa was applied during the operation at room temperature. Figure 2.14(a) and (b) show bright field and dark field TEM images for pure Al and Al/5 wt% SWNTnanocomposite, respectively. Large shear straining generates many dislocations that subsequently rearrange into subgrain boundaries. From dark field TEM images, HPTproduces finer grain size of Al matrix ( 100 nm) of nanocomposite compared with that of pure aluminum ( 500 nm). The grain size of Al matrix of Al/5 wt% SWNT is even smaller than the grain size reported on the bulk sample deformed by severe plastic deformation. The presence of rings in the selected area diffraction patterns indicates the formation of
60j 2 Carbon Nanotube–Metal Nanocomposites Figure 2.14 Bright field and dark field TEM images as well as selected area diffraction patterns for HPT treated (a) Al powders and (b) mixture of Al powders and CNTs. Reproduced with permission from [52]. Copyright Ó (2008) Elsevier. fine crystalline structure. The grain refinement of Al/5 wt% SWNTnanocomposite is due to the presence of CNTs at grain boundaries as they hinder the dislocation annihilation at these sites. Figure 2.15 is HRTEM image showing the presence of a nanotube at a grain boundary. A lattice fringe of CNTwall with a spacing of 0.337 nm at the boundary between two matrix grains A and B can be readily seen. The (1 1 1) lattice fringe with a spacing of 0.234 nm of grain A, and the (2 0 0) lattice fringe with an interval of 0.202 nm of grain B are also observed. Figure 2.15 Lattice image of HPT treated Al/5 wt% SWNT nanocomposite. Reproduced with permission from [52]. Copyright Ó (2008) Elsevier.
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
Page 28 and 29: show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 32 and 33: 1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
Page 62 and 63: This implies the absence of effecti
Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
Page 78 and 79: limited improvement in ultimate ten
Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
Page 82 and 83: Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
Page 88 and 89: 2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
Page 96 and 97: einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
Page 98 and 99: Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
Page 100 and 101: composite. Materials Science and En
Page 102: 111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
Page 105 and 106: 90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
Page 115 and 116: 100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
Page 117 and 118: 102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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