Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Composite materials with a ceramic or metal matrix offer significant performance advantages over monolithic ceramics or metals. Structural ceramics exhibit high mechanical strength, superior temperature stability and good chemical durability. However, ceramics have low fracture toughness because of their ionic or covalent bonding. The intrinsic brittleness of ceramics limits their applications in industrial sectors. In this context, discontinuous fibers or whiskers are incorporated into ceramics in order to reinforce and toughen them. Upon application of external stress, matrix microcracking occurs followed by debonding of fibers from the matrix, and subsequent bridging of fibers across matrix cracks. These processes contribute to major energy dissipating events, thereby improving the fracture toughness of ceramics. Recently, metal-matrix composites (MMCs) have become increasingly used for applications in the automotive and aerospace industries because of their high specific modulus, strength and thermal stability. MMCs are reinforced with relatively large volume fractions of continuous fiber, discontinuous fibers, whiskers or particulates. The incorporation of ceramic reinforcement into the metal matrix generally leads to enhancement of strength and stiffness at the expense of fracture toughness. Further enhancement in mechanical strength of composites can be achieved by using nanostructured ceramic particles [1–4]. With tougher environmental regulations and increasing fuel costs, weight reduction in composites has become an important issue in the design of composite materials. The need for advanced composite materials having enhanced functional properties and performance characteristics is ever increasing in industrial sectors. Since their discovery by Ijima in 1991 [5], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high aspect ratio, large surface area, low density as well as excellent mechanical, electrical and thermal properties have attracted scientific and technological interests globally. These properties have inspired interest in using CNTs as reinforcing materials for polymer-, metal- or ceramic-matrix composites to obtain light-weight structural materials with enhanced mechanical, electrical and thermal properties [6–8]. Composite materials with at least one of their constituent phases being less than j1
2j 1 Introduction 100 nm are commonly termed nanocomposites . Remarkable improvements in the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-, metal- and ceramic nanocomposites can be achieved by adding very low loading levels of nanotubes. So far, extensive studies have been conducted on the synthesis, structure and property of CNTreinforced polymers. The effects of CNT additions on the structure and property of metals and ceramics have received increasing attention recently. 1.2 Types of Carbon Nanotubes Hybridization of the carbon atomic orbital in the forms of sp, sp 2 and sp 3 produces different structural forms or allotropes [9] (Figure 1.1). The sp-hybridization (carbyne) corresponds to a linear chain-like arrangement of atomic orbital. Carbon in the form of diamond exhibits a sp 3 -type tetrahedral covalent bonding. Each carbon atom is linked to four others at the corners of a tetrahedron via covalent bonding. This structure accounts for the extremely high hardness and density of diamond. The bonding in graphite is sp 2 , with each atom joined to three neighbors in a trigonal Figure 1.1 Tentative carbon allotropy diagram based on valence bond hybridization. P/H corresponds to the ratio of pentagonal/ hexagonal rings. Reproduced with permission from [9]. Copyright Ó (1997) Elsevier.
Page 2 and 3: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
Page 4 and 5: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
Page 8 and 9: 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
Page 10: Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
Page 13 and 14: XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
Page 20 and 21: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
Page 22 and 23: MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
Page 28 and 29: show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 32 and 33: 1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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