19 Webster, T.J., Ergun, C., Doremus, R.H., Siegel, R.W. <strong>and</strong> Bizios, R. (2000) Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials, 22, 1803–1810. 20 Adamopoulos, O. <strong>and</strong> Papadopoulos, T. (2007) Nanostructured bioceramics for maxillofacial applications. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, 18, 1587–1597. 21 Cai, Y., Liu, Y., Yan, W., Hu, Q., Tao, J., Zhang, M., Shi, Z. <strong>and</strong> Tang, R. (2007) Role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles size in bone proliferation. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17, 3780–3787. 22 Webster, T.J., Siegel, R.W. <strong>and</strong> Bizios, R. (1999) Osteoblast adhesion on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials, 20, 1221–1227. 23 Webster, T.J., Schadler, L.S., Siegel, R.W. <strong>and</strong> Bizios, R. (2001) Mechanisms of enhanced osteblast adhesion on nanophase alumina involve vitronectin. Tissue Engineering, 7, 291–301. 24 Lin, Y., Taylor, S., Li, H., Fern<strong>and</strong>o, K.A., Qu, L., Wang, W., Gu, L., Zhou, B. <strong>and</strong> Sun, Y.P. (2004) Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nanotubes. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 14, 527–541. 25 Smart, S.K., Cassady, A.I., Lu, G. <strong>and</strong> Martin, D.J. (2006) The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes. <strong>Carbon</strong>, 44, 1034–1047. 26 Liao, S., Xu, G., Wang, W., Watari, F., Cui, F., Ramakrishna, S. <strong>and</strong> Chan, C.K. (2007) Self-assembly of nano-hydroxyapatite on multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Acta Biomaterialia, 3, 669–675. 27 Zhao, L. <strong>and</strong> Gao, L. (2004) Novel in situ synthesis of MWNTs-hydroxyapatite composites. <strong>Carbon</strong>, 42, 423–426. 28 Jie, W., Bao, L.Y. <strong>and</strong> Yi, H. (2005) Processing properties of nano apatitepolyamide biocomposites. Journal of Materials Science, 40, 793–796. 29 Chen, Y., Gan, C., Zhang, T. <strong>and</strong> Yu, G. (2005) Laser-surfaced-alloyed carbon nanotubes reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings. Applied Physics Letters, 86, 251905. Referencesj225 30 Chen, Y., Zhang, T., Zhang, T.H., Gan, C.H., Zheng, C.Y. <strong>and</strong> Yu, G. (2006) <strong>Carbon</strong> nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings produced through laser surface alloying. <strong>Carbon</strong>, 44, 37–45. 31 Balani, K., Anderson, R., Laha, T., Andara, M., Tercero, J., Crumpler, E. <strong>and</strong> Agarwal, A. (2007) Plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube reinforced hydroxyapatite coatings <strong>and</strong> their interaction with human osteoblasts in vitro. Biomaterials, 28, 618–624. 32 Balani, K., Chen, Y., Harimkar, S.P., Dahotre, N.B. <strong>and</strong> Agarwal, A. (2007) Tribological behavior of plasma-sprayed carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite coating in physiological solution. Acta Biomaterialia, 3, 944–951. 33 Li, A., Sun, K., Dong, W. <strong>and</strong> Zhao, D. (2007) Mechanical properties, microstructure <strong>and</strong> histocompatibility of MWNTs/HAp. Materials Letters, 61, 1839–1844. 34 Kobayashi, S. <strong>and</strong> Kawai, W. (2007) Development of carbon nanofiber reinforced hydroxyapatite, with enhanced mechanical properties. <strong>Composites</strong> A, 38, 114–123. 35 Kealley, C., Elcombe, M., Riessen, A. <strong>and</strong> Ben-Nissan, B. (2006) Development of carbon nanotube-reinforced hydroxyapatite bioceramics. Physica B, 385–386, 496–498. 36 Li, H., Zhao, N., Liu, Y., Liang, C., Shi, C., Du, X. <strong>and</strong> Li, J. (2008) Fabrication <strong>and</strong> properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced, Fe/hydroxyapatite composites by in situ chemical vapor deposition. <strong>Composites</strong> A, 39, 1128–1132. 37 Zhao, B., Hu, H., M<strong>and</strong>al, S.K. <strong>and</strong> Haddon, R.C. (2005) A bone mimic based on the self-assembly of hydroxyapatite on chemically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 3235–3241. 38 Aryal, S., Remant Bahadur, K.C., Dharmaraj, N., Kim, K.W. <strong>and</strong> Kim, H.Y. (2006) Synthesis <strong>and</strong> characterization of hydroxyapatite using carbon nanotube as a
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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92j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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94j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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96j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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98j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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172j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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