Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the purification of carbon nanotubes. Patent Number and Year US 7135158 (2006) US 7029646 (2006) US 7115864 (2006) US 6841003 (2005) Type of Nanotubes Purification Process Inventor Assignee SWNTs Multiple-step Goto, H., Furuta, T., Fujiwara, Y., Ohashi, T. 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotubesj21 Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Japan) Rice University (USA) Rice University (USA) SWNTs Fluorination Margrave, J.L., Gu, Z., Hauge, R.H., Smalley, R.E. SWNTs Liquid-phase Colbert, D.T., Dai, H., oxidation Hafner, J.H., Rinzler, A.G., Smalley, R.E., Liu, J., Smith, K.A., Guo, T., Nikolaev, P., Thess, A. SWNTs Plasma Kang, S.G., Bae, C. cDream Display etching Corporation (USA) Electron microscopy coupled with EDS gives rise to qualitative information for purified nanotubes. In general, TEM observation is preferred because it offers high-resolution images. However, sample preparation for TEM examination is tediousandtimeconsuming.Moreover,electronmicroscopicobservationsaremainly focused on localized regions of the samples, thus the analyzed sampling volumes are relatively small. Raman spectroscopy is a qualitative tool for determining vibrational frequency of molecular allotropes of carbon. All carbonaceous moieties such as fullerenes, CNTs, diamond, and amorphous carbon are Raman active. The position, width and relative intensity of Raman peaks are modified according to the sp 3 and sp 2 configurations of carbon [122–124]. Raman spectra of the SWNTs are well characterized by the low frequency radial breathing mode (RBM) at 150–200 cm 1 , with frequency depending on the tube diameter and the tangential mode at 1400–1700 cm 1 . From the spectral analysis, a sharp G peak at 1590 cm 1 is related to the (C C) stretching mode, and a band at 1350 cm 1 is associated with disorder-induced band (D band). Moreover, a second order mode at 2450–2650 cm 1 is assigned to the first overtone of D mode and commonly referred to as G mode. The D-peak is forbidden in perfect graphite and only becomes active in the presence of disorder [122]. In general, the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) intensity of the D-peak for various carbon impurities is generally much broader than that of the nanotubes. Thus, the purity level of SWNTs can be simply obtained by examining the linewidth of the D-peak [120, 123]. Alternatively, the D/G intensity ratio can be used as an indicator for the purity levels of SWNTs. In the presence of defects, a slight increase in the D-band intensity relative to the intensity of G-band is observed [125]. XRD is a powerful tool for identifying the crystal structure of metal catalysts and carbonaceous moieties. The lattice constant of these species can be determined
22j 1 Introduction Figure 1.12 X-ray diffraction patterns for (a) graphite; (b) SWNT; (c) MWNT; (d) nanofiber and (e) carbon black. Reproduced with permission from [119]. Copyright Ó (2006) Elsevier. accurately from diffraction patterns. It is a fast and non-destructive qualitative tool for routine analysis [120]. Figure 1.12 shows typical XRD patterns for graphite, SWNT, MWNT, carbon nanofiber and carbon black. Pure graphite displays a sharp characteristic peak at 26.6 , corresponding to the (0 0 2) diffracting plane. For SWNT, the (0 0 2) peak becomes broadened and weakened, and the peak position shifts from 26.6 to 26 . This is attributed to the high curvature and high strain energy resulting from small diameters of SWNTs. Other peaks at 44.5 and 51.7 are also observed, corresponding to the {(1 0 0), (1 0 1)}, and (0 0 4) crystallographic planes. For MWNT, the shape, width and intensity of (0 0 2) peak are modified with the increase in the diameter of the nanotube [119]. The (0 0 2) peak shifts to 26.2 with respect to that of graphite, and appears slightly asymmetric towards lower angles. The asymmetry is due to the presence of different crystalline species [120, 126]. Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-vis-NIR) spectroscopy can provide quantitative analysis of the SWNT purity by characterizing their electronic band structures. Because of the one-dimensional structure of SWNTs, the electronic density of state displays several spikes. Accordingly, SWNTs exhibit characteristic electronic transitions associated with Van Hove singularities in the density of states [127]. Semiconducting SWNTs display their first interband transition at S11 and second transition at S22, whereas metallic SWNTs show their first transition at M11. Such allowed interband transitions between spikes in the electronic density of states occur in the visible and NIR regions. Figure 1.13 shows a schematic diagram of the absorption
Page 2 and 3: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
Page 8 and 9: 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
Page 10: Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
Page 13 and 14: XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
Page 16 and 17: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
Page 20 and 21: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
Page 22 and 23: MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
Page 28 and 29: show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 32 and 33: 1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
Page 62 and 63: This implies the absence of effecti
Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Page 84 and 85: Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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