Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Table 8.2 Synthesis of micro-HA/CNT and nano-HA/CNT composite materials from different techniques. Type of materials Dispersion route Heat treatment and/ or consolidation Mechanical performance Composite coating Dry powder blending Plasma spraying Fracture toughness Ref [31] enhancement by 56% Composite coating Ball milling Laser surface alloying Hardness and elastic Ref [30] modulus enhancement Bulk Ref [33] Wet powder mixing Cold isostatic press- Fracture toughness ing & pressureless enhancement by sintering more than 200% Bulk Ref [3] Wet powder mixing Spark plasma sintering — Bulk Ref [36] In situ CVD synthesis Sintering Fracture toughness and flexural strength enhancement HA coating on In situ chemical Vacuum drying at — MWNTs Ref [37] precipitation room temperature HA coating on In situ chemical Air drying at room — MWNTs Ref [38] precipitation temperature Bulk nano-HA/CNT In situ chemical Hot pressing Compressive Ref [27] precipitation strength enhancement Figure 8.3 (a) SEM and (b) TEM micrographs of in situ synthesized HA/MWNT powders by CVD method. The arrows indicate Fe nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from [36]. Copyright Ó (2008) Elsevier. 8.2 Potential Applications of CNT–Ceramic Nanocompositesj221
222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vickers indentation fracture toughness (2.35 MPa m 1/2 ) and 49% increase in flexural strength (79 MPa) compared with bulk monolithic HA having toughness of 0.72 MPa m 1/2 and strength of 53 MPa. Despite the fact that the in situ CVD technique produces an improvement in mechanical properties, the use of transition metal catalysts (e.g. Ni, Fe, Co, etc.) for CNTsynthesis could have a negative effect on human health, particularly use of nickel. As reported, CNTs have excellent biocompatibility, but they may cause toxicity to human skin and lungs. The risk of human organ exposure to CNTs during nanotube synthesis and composite fabrication is ever increasing [43, 44]. Therefore, extensive biocompatibility and toxicological assessments of HA/CNTnanocomposites must be performed prior to their implantation to human body. Lie et al. used prepared HA/3 wt%MWNT nanocomposites by wet powder mixing method followed by cold isostatic pressing and pressureless sintering at 1100 Cin different environments (air, argon and vacuum) for 3 h [33]. They reported that sintering the powder compacts of HA and MWNT in vacuum environment yields higher bending strength and fracture toughness than those sintered in air or argon. This is because sintering in vacuum eliminates pores in the nanocomposite specimen. The bending strength and fracture toughness of vacuum and argon sintered HA/3 wt%MWNTnanocomposite are 66.11 MPa and 2.40 MPa m 1/2 and 61.43 MPa, and 0.761 MPa m 1/2 , respectively. The nanocomposite specimens were then implanted into the muscle of big white rats for biocompatibility testing. For the purpose of comparison, ZrO2/HA composite samples were also implanted into the muscle of rats. Because of its high strength and stress-induced phase transformation toughening, zirconia has been used to strengthen HA. The ZrO2/HA composite has been used as a coating material for biomedical implants [39, 40]. Figure 8.4(a) and (b) and Figure 8.5(a) and (b) show representative pathology micrographs of the HA/MWNT and ZrO2/HA composites after short term implantation into muscle of rats. It is apparent that the inflammatory cell response in tissue is more serious for the ZrO2/HA composite after implantation for one and three days. This implies that the Figure 8.4 Tissue responses of (1) HA/MWNT and (b) ZrO2/HA composite specimens after implantation into muscle of rats for one day. Reproduced with permission from [33]. Copyright Ó (2007) Elsevier.
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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