Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Table 6.3 SPS processing conditions of SiO2/MWNT nanocomposites and their relative densities, grain sizes and thermal conductivities measured at room temperature. Materials for 5 and 10 min. A maximum room temperature thermal conductivity of 4.08 W mK 1 can be achieved in silica by adding 10 vol% MWNT, corresponding to 65% enhancement. However, the enhancement in conductivity is far smaller than that expected from the unusually high thermal conductivity of CNTs. Shenogina et al. analyzed the reasons for the lack of thermal percolation in CNTs composites despite the occurrence of electrical percolation [8]. They explained this in terms of a large difference in values between thermal conductivity ratio (Cf/Cm) and electrical conductivity ratio (sf/sm) of the nanotube to the matrix of composites. This approach can be used to analyze the thermal behavior of SiO2/MWNT nanocomposites. Assuming Cf ¼ 3000 W m 1 K 1 , Cm ¼ 2.47 W m 1 K 1 , thus Cf/Cm ¼ 1215. Pure silica is an insulator with high electrical resistivity of 10 10 W m. The reported room temperature resistivity of individual CNT is in the order of 10 8 –10 6 W m [Chap. 1, Ref. 164]. As electrical conductivity equals to the inverse of electrical resistivity, we obtain sf/sm ¼ 10 18 –10 16 . The large difference between sf/sm and Cf/Cm explains the absence of thermal percolation in the SiO2/MWNT nanocomposites. Nomenclature Processing conditions (ºC, MPa, min) Relative density (%TD) A Area of the capacitance C Thermal conductivity e electron charge EI Electromagnetic wave incident power ET Electromagnetic wave transmitted power k Boltzman constant m electron mass Grain size (nm) Thermal conductivity (W m 1 K 1 ) Pure SiO2 950/50/5 100 — 2.42 0.16 Pure SiO 2 1050/50/5 100 — 2.47 0.05 SiO2/5vol% MWNT 950/50/5 100 21.08 3.36 0.02 SiO 2/5vol% MWNT 950/50/10 100 21.08 3.41 0.02 SiO2/5vol% MWNT 1050/50/5 100 21.92 3.45 0.01 SiO 2/5vol% MWNT 1050/50/10 100 21.92 3.48 0.01 SiO2/10vol% MWNT 950/50/5 100 21.08 3.67 0.02 SiO 2/10vol% MWNT 950/50/10 100 18.78 3.62 0.05 SiO2/10vol% MWNT 1050/50/5 100 21.08 3.97 0.04 SiO2/10vol% MWNT 1050/50/10 100 22.12 4.08 0.01 Reproduced with permission from [35]. Copyright Ó (2007) Elsevier. 6.5 Thermal Behaviorj181
182j 6 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube–Ceramic Nanocomposites p Filler volume fraction pc Percolation threshold P Occupied probability of the lattice PC Percolation probability of the lattice s0 Dielectric exponent SE Shielding effectiveness t Conductivity exponent tan d Tangent loss or dissipation factor V0 Potential barrier height w Internanotube distance x Critical exponent y Critical exponent e Dielectric constant e0 Real permittivity e00 Imaginary permittivity e Complex permittivity s Electrical conductivity u Frequency References 1 Mamunya, Y.P., Davydenko, V.V., Pissis, P. and Lebedev, E.V. (2002) Electrical and thermal conductivity of polymers filled with metal powders. European Polymer Journal, 38, 1887–1897. 2 Psarras, G.C., Manolakaki, E. and Tsangaris, G.M. (2002) Electrical relaxations in polymeric particulate composites of epoxy resin and metal particles. Composites A, 33, 375–384. 3 Zhan, G., Kuntz, J.D. and Mukherjee, A.K. (2005) Ceramic materials reinforced with single-wall carbon nanotubes as electrical conductors. US Patent 6875374. 4 Stauffer, D. and Aharony, A. (1992) Introduction to Percolation Theory, 2nd edn, Taylor & Francis, London. 5 Sahimi, M. (1994) Applications of Percolation Theory, Taylor & Francis, London. 6 Celzard, A., McRae, E., Deleuze, C., Dufort, M., Furdin, J. and Mareche, J.F. (1996) Critical concentration in percolating systems containing a high-aspect-ratio filler. Physical Review B-Condensed Matter, 53, 6209–6214. 7 Sandler, J.K., Jirk, J.E., Kinloch, I.A., Shaffer, M.S. and Windle, A.H. (2003) Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon nanotube-epoxy composites. Polymer, 44, 5893–5899. 8 Shenogina, N., Shenogin, S., Xue, L. and Keblinski, P. (2005) On the lack of thermal percolation in carbon nanotubes composites. Applied Physics Letters, 87, 1331061–1331063. 9 Biercuk, M.J., Liaguno, M.C., Radosavljevic, M., Hyun, J.K., Johnson, A.T. and Fischer, J.E. (2002) Carbon nanotube composites for thermal management. Applied Physics Letters, 80, 2767–2769. 10 Pettersson, S. and Mahan, G.D. (1990) Theory of the thermal boundary resistance between dissimilar lattices. Physical Review B-Condensed Matter, 42, 7386–7390. 11 Zhan, G.D., Kuntz, J.D., Garay, J.E. and Mukherjee, A.K. (2003) Electrical properties of nanoceramics reinforced
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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