Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Figure 3.5 DSC curvesshowing the shiftofmelting pointof(a) 63% Sn–37%Pb and (b) lead free Sn–3.8%Ag–0.7%Cu solder alloys tolower temperaturesbyaddingsingle-wall CNTs. Reproduced with permission from [27]. Copyright Ó (2006) Elsevier. 3.2 Thermal Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocompositesj97 can also be reduced to the value close to that of the organic substrate or printed circuit board (PCB) by adding 0.3–0.5% SWNT (Table 3.3). As recognized, the main reliability issue of the flip chip packaging technique arises from the thermal stresses induced by CTE mismatch between the silicon chip and PCB. The low CTE value of
98j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotube–Metal Nanocomposites Table 3.3 CTE values of the Sn–37%Pb alloy and its CNT-reinforced composites. Material CTE (10 6 ºC 1 ) 63%Sn–37%Pb 25.8 1.2 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.01% SWNT 25.2 0.9 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.03% SWNT 24.6 1.1 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.05% SWNT 23.4 0.7 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.08% SWNT 21.2 1.3 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.1% SWNT 20.8 1.4 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.3% SWNT 19.8 1.1 63%Sn–37%Pb/0.5% SWNT 19.2 0.9 PCB 18 SWNT 1.6 Reproduced with permission from [27]. Copyright Ó (2006) Elsevier. composite solder reinforced with nanotubes which closely matches that of the PCB can address the major reliability concern [29]. 3.3 Electrical Behavior of Metal-CNT Nanocomposites Up till now, the electrical behavior only of Al-CNTnanocomposites has been reported in the literature. Xu et al. measured the electrical resistivity of Al/MWNT nanocomposites filled with 1, 4 and 10 wt% CNTs from room temperature down to 4.2 K [31]. The composites were prepared by hand grinding MWNTs with Al powder, followed by hot pressing. Figure 3.6 shows the variation of electrical resistivity with temperatures for the Al/MWNT nanocomposites. The resistivity of all composites decreases linearly with temperature from 295 down to 80 K. At temperatures 80 K, the resistivity of the composites approaches zero. The loss of electrical resistance of nanocomposites at low temperatures is somewhat similar to that of superconducting materials. The mechanism for zero resistance of the nanocomposites at low temperatures could be attributed to the ballistic conduction of CNTs. MWNTs conduct current ballistically and do not dissipate heat. It has been theoretically predicted that ballistic conduction occurs without resistance in CNTs due to the disappearance of scattering. When scattering occurs during electric conduction very few ballistics are produced [32]. Xu et al. demonstrated that the electrical resistivity of Al (3.4 mW cm) increases to 4.9 mW cm by adding 1 wt% MWNT [31]. The resistivity further increases to 6.6 mW cm when 4 wt% MWNT is added. The reported experimental resistivity of individual CNT is in the order of 10 6 –10 4 W cm, being much lower than that of aluminum. They attributed the increase in resistivity of the nanocomposites to agglomeration of CNTs at grain boundaries. The agglomerates enhance the scattering of the charge carrier at grain boundaries, thereby reducing the conductivity. Similarly, the resistivity of the 2024 Al/3 wt% CNFnanocomposite also shows a linear
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
Page 78 and 79: limited improvement in ultimate ten
Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
Page 82 and 83: Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
Page 88 and 89: 2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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Page 98 and 99: Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
Page 100 and 101: composite. Materials Science and En
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Page 117 and 118: 102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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148j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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