Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1.3.1 Electric Arc Discharge 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj5 Vaporization of carbon from solid graphite Sources into a gas phase can be achieved by using electric arc discharge, laser and solar energy. Solar energy is rarely used as the vaporizing Source for graphite, because it requires the use of a tailor-made furnace to concentrate an intense solar beam for vaporizing graphite target and metal catalysts in an inert atmosphere [18]. In contrast, the electric arc discharge technique is the simplest and less expensive method for fabricating CNTs. In the process, an electric (d.c.) arc is formed between two high purity graphite electrodes under the application of a larger current in an inert atmosphere (helium or argon). The high temperature generated by the arc causes vaporization of carbon atoms from anode into a plasma. The carbon vapor then condenses and deposits on the cathode to form a cylinder with a hard outer shell consisting of fused material and a softer fibrous core containing nanotubes and other carbon nanoparticles [19]. The high reaction temperature promotes formation of CNTs with a higher degree of crystallinity. The growth mechanism of catalyst-free MWNTs is not exactly known. The nucleation stage may include the formation of C 2 precursor and its subsequent incorporation into the primary graphene structure. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, Ijiima and coworkers proposed the openend growth mechanism in which carbon atoms are added at the open ends of the tubes and the growing ends remains open during growth. The thickening of the tube occurs by the island growth of graphite basal planes on existing tube surfaces. Tube growth terminates when the conditions are unsuitable for the growth [20, 21]. Generally, the quality and yield of nanotubes depend on the processing conditions employed, such as efficient cooling of the cathode, the gap between electrodes, reaction chamber pressure, uniformity of the plasma arc, plasma temperature, and so on [22]. Conventional electric arc discharge generally generates unstable plasma because it induces an inhomogeneity of electric field distribution and a discontinuity of the current flow. Lee et al. introduced the so-called plasma rotating arc discharge techniqueinwhichthegraphiteanodeisrotatedatahighvelocityof10 4 rev min 1 [23]. Figure 1.4 shows a schematic diagram of the apparatus. The centrifugal force caused by the rotation generates the turbulence and accelerates the carbon vapor perpendicular to the anode. The yield of the nanotubes can be monitored by changing the rotation speed. Moreover, the rotation distributes the micro discharge uniformly and generates a stable plasma with high temperatures. This enhances anode vaporization, thereby increasing carbon vapor density of nanotubes significantly. Such a technique may offer the possibility of producing nanotubes on the large scale. Another mass production route of MWNTs can be made possible by generating electric arc discharges in liquid nitrogen [24], as shown in Figure 1.5. Liquid nitrogen prevents the electrode from contamination during arc discharge. The content of
6j 1 Introduction Figure 1.4 Schematic diagram of plasma rotating electrode process system. Reproduced with permission from [23]. Copyright Ó (2003) Elsevier. Figure 1.5 (a) Schematic drawing of the arc discharge apparatus and (b) side image of the MWNTs rich material deposited on the cathode. Reproduced with permission from [24]. Copyright Ó (2003) Springer Verlag.
Page 2 and 3: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
Page 4 and 5: Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
Page 8 and 9: 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
Page 10: Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
Page 13 and 14: XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
Page 16 and 17: 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
Page 18 and 19: Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
Page 22 and 23: MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
Page 24 and 25: Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
Page 26 and 27: 1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
Page 28 and 29: show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 32 and 33: 1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
Page 62 and 63: This implies the absence of effecti
Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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