Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the AZ31/MWCNT surface nanocomposite specimens prepared by the FSP technique. (b),(d) and (f) are higher magnification views inside a dotted circle of (a), (c) and (e), respectively. Reproduced with permission from [66]. Copyright Ó (2006) Elsevier. 2.7 Copper-Based Nanocomposites 2.7 Copper-Based Nanocompositesj65 Copper is a ductile metal having low mechanical strength but excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. To enhance the mechanical strength, ceramic reinforcements are added to copper [73–76]. In recent years, microelectonic devices made from integrated circuits generate enormous local heat during operation. There is a growing demand for high strength Cu-based composite materials in microelectronic packaging. However, poor compatibility between SiC and Cu is the main problem in the
66j 2 Carbon Nanotube–Metal Nanocomposites fabrication of Cu/SiC composites. Therefore, SiC whiskers and microparticulates as well as SiC nanoparticles are coated with copper prior to the composite fabrication [77–79]. Furthermore, a large volume content of ceramic reinforcement is needed in the composite materials for thermal management applications. The CNTs and CNFs that have excellent thermal conductivity are ideal reinforcing filler materials for Cu-based composites for thermal management applications. Only low loading levels of CNTs are added in the composites to achieve these purposes. 2.7.1 Liquid Infiltration Jang et al. employed the liquid infiltration process to incorporate VGCNFs into copper [80]. Entangled nanofibers were filled into a copper tube and mechanically drawn in order to form straight fibers. Bundle of drawn Cu tubes were placed in a mold, heated in a furnace at 1100 C for 10 min, and transferred to a press for compaction under the pressure of 50 MPa. The volume content of VGCNF in the resulting composite was 13%. SEM examination revealed that the VGCNFs were not uniformly distributed throughout the composite due to the flow of molten metal during melting process. 2.7.2 Mechanical Alloying Hong and coworkers fabricated the Cu/MWNT nanocomposites using MA technique [81]. Copper nanopowders (200–300 nm) were prepared by spray drying of [Cu (NO3)2].3H2O water solution on hot walls. The resulting powders were heat treated at 300 C followed by reduction in hydrogen atmosphere. CVD-grown MWNTs with an average diameter of 40 nm were mixed with Cu nanopowders in a high energy planetary mill for 24 h. The milled powders were cold compacted and spark plasma sintered at 700 C. The sintered Cu/MWCNTnanocomposites were cold rolled up to 50% reduction and followed by annealing at 650 C for 3 h. Both Cu/5 vol% MWNT and Cu/10 vol% MWNT nanocomposites were fabricated. Figure 2.19(a) shows an SEM micrograph of the mechanically milled Cu/MWNT composite powder. Copper nanopowders experience cold welding and fracturing during mechanical milling, leading to the formation of welded powders with sizes of 10 mm. High magnification SEM micrography reveals that the CNTs are distributed on the surface of a Cu powder (Figure 2.19(b)). The surfaces of Cu powders where MWNTs are located result in the formation of Cu/MWNT composite during spark plasma sintering. The inner region of cold-welded Cu powders with few or no CNTs yields MWNT-free copper matrix region during sintering (Figure 2.20(a) and (b)). Cold rolling of consolidated composite products has resulted in the alignment of MWNTs along the rolling direction. In general, homogeneous distribution of CNTs in metals through mechanical alloying depends greatly on the milling time, ball-to-powder ratio, milling atmosphere and
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
Page 30 and 31: Since then, large efforts have been
Page 32 and 33: 1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
Page 34 and 35: 1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
Page 38 and 39: Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
Page 40 and 41: 1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
Page 42 and 43: Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
Page 44 and 45: Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
Page 46 and 47: Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
Page 48 and 49: Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
Page 50 and 51: carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
Page 52 and 53: 70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
Page 54 and 55: 108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
Page 56 and 57: Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
Page 58 and 59: 2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
Page 60 and 61: isostatic pressing. In certain case
Page 62 and 63: This implies the absence of effecti
Page 64 and 65: coating material, the plasma gun an
Page 66 and 67: Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
Page 70 and 71: Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
Page 76 and 77: 2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
Page 78 and 79: limited improvement in ultimate ten
Page 82 and 83: Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 86 and 87: Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
Page 88 and 89: 2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
Page 90 and 91: Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
Page 92 and 93: Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
Page 94 and 95: Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
Page 96 and 97: einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
Page 98 and 99: Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
Page 100 and 101: composite. Materials Science and En
Page 102: 111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
Page 105 and 106: 90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
Page 115 and 116: 100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
Page 117 and 118: 102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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116j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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132j 5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nano
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170j 6 Physical Properties of Carbo
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186j 7 Mechanical Properties of Car
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Table 8.1 Patent processes for maki
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218j 8 Conclusions development of c
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220j 8 Conclusions Figure 8.2 TEM m
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222j 8 Conclusions increase in Vick
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224j 8 Conclusions References 1 Cha
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226j 8 Conclusions nano-matrix. Scr
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228j Index l laser ablation 7 load
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