Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites: Metal and Ceramic ...

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8 Conclusions 8.1 Future Prospects Research and development efforts throughout the academic and industrial sectors haveresultedininnovative technologies forthefabricationofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs) with reduced weight, and excellent electrical, mechanical and thermal characteristics. Consequently, CNTs offer tremendous opportunities for the development of advanced functional materials. Numerous researchers have reported remarkable improvement in the mechanical properties of metals and ceramics by adding low loading levels of CNTs. Carbon nanotubes can strengthen metals and ceramics through the loadtransfer effect, and toughen brittle ceramics via a crack-bridging mechanism. Composites reinforced with CNTs also exhibit excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. These composites show potential applications for thermal management in electronic devices, particularly in the telecommunications sector. However, heat dissipation is a key issue that limits the performance and reliability of electronic devicesfromcellular phonestosatellites. Suchcommercial productsrequireminiature composite materials with multifunctional properties. Furthermore, CNTs show remarkable biocompatibility and bioactivity, rendering them attractive materials for clinical applications. Generally, fundamental understanding of the synthetic process for achieving homogeneous dispersion of nanotubes and the structure–property relationship of nanocomposites is still lacking. From a more fundamental perspective, the principles of reinforcement, deformation, mechanical failure, electrical and heat transport of these nanocomposites are not completely understood and tested. Proper understanding of the processing– structure–property relationship is critical for designing novel nanocomposites with functional properties for specific applications. Up till now, only a few inventions have been acknowledged by global patent authorities for the possible commercialization of CNT-reinforced composites (Table 8.1) [Chap. 2, Ref. 99, Chap. 7, Ref. 3, 1–4].Thisisduetothelow production yield and high cost of CNTs. Obviously there is much to be done in enhancing the production yield of high quality nanotubes through technological innovations. Further commercial development of CNT-reinforced composites depends greatly on the availability of nanotubes at reasonable prices. For successful j215
Table 8.1 Patent processes for making ceramic- and metal-matrix nanocomposites reinforced with CNTs. Inventors Patent number Patent year Types of matrix materials Fabrication Process Description Powder mixing Powder blending followed by hot pressing Chang et al. Ref [1] US 6420293 2002 Nanocrystalline ceramic oxides, nitrides, carbides, carbonitrides, and so on Zhan et al. Ref [2] US 6858173 2005 Nanocrystalline alumina Powder mixing Mixing alumina nanoparticles with SWNTs followed by SPS Zhan et al. Ref [Chap. 6, Ref. 3] US 6875374 2005 Nanocrystalline alumina Powder mixing Mixing alumina nanoparticles with SWNTs followed by SPS Zhan et al. Ref [Chap. 5, Ref. 40] US 6976532 2005 Nanocrystalline alumina As above As above Mamoru et al. Ref [3] JP2006282489 2006 Hydroxyapatite Powder mixing Powder blending and SPS Barrera et al. Ref [4] US 7306828 2007 Ceramics Powder mixing Dry milling ceramic particles with CNTs, adding solvent to form a slurry, shape-forming the slurry into a green body, and sintering Hong et al. Ref [Chap. 2, Ref. 99] US 7217311 2007 Metals In situ chemical Dispersion of CNTs in a solvent, precipitation followed by mixing with metal salts ultrsonically, drying of the mixture, calcination and reduction in H2,COorCO2 atmosphere
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Sie Chin Tjong Carbon Nanotube Rein
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Contents Preface IX List of Abbrevi
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5 Carbon Nanotube-Ceramic Nanocompo
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Preface Carbon nanotubes are nanost
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XII List of Abbreviations HIP hot i
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1 Introduction 1.1 Background Compo
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Figure 1.2 Transmission electron mi
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 1
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MWNTs can be as high as 70% of the
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Figure 1.7 In situ TEM images recor
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1.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubesj1
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show TEM images of MWNTs synthesize
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Since then, large efforts have been
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1.3.4 Patent Processes Carbon nanot
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1.4 Purification of Carbon Nanotube
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Table 1.3 Patent processes for the
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Figure 1.13 Schematic illustration
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1.5 Mechanical Properties of Carbon
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Figure 1.14 Carbon nanotubes in hig
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Figure 1.15 In situ tensile deforma
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Table 1.7 Theoretical and experimen
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Nomenclature ~a 1 , ~a 2 Unit vecto
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carbon nanotubes. Physical Review L
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70 Jang, I., Uh, H.S., Cho, H.J., L
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108 Shelimov, K.B., Esenaliev, R.O.
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Bonnamy, S., Beguin, F., Burnham, N
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2 Carbon Nanotube-Metal Nanocomposi
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isostatic pressing. In certain case
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This implies the absence of effecti
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coating material, the plasma gun an
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Table 2.4 Changes in the size and v
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Figure 2.6 (a) Low and (b) high mag
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Figure 2.8 SEM micrographs showing
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Figure 2.11 Bright field TEM microg
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Figure 2.13 TEM image of bulk Al/5
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2.5 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites
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limited improvement in ultimate ten
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Figure 2.18 SEM micrographs of the
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Figure 2.19 (a) Low and (b) high ma
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Figure 2.22 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.25 (a) TEM micrograph show
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2.8 Transition Metal-Based Nanocomp
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Figure 2.27 TEM image of electrodep
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Figure 2.29 SEM micrographs of (a)
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Figure 2.31 Schematic representatio
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einforcement content SiCp/Al compos
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Materials Science Forum, 534-536 (P
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composite. Materials Science and En
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111 Cha, S.I., Kim, K.T., Arshad, S
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90j 3 Physical Properties of Carbon
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100j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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102j 3 Physical Properties of Carbo
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104j 4 Mechanical Characteristics o
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