Desire for Greener Land

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Human Environment Cropland per household (ha) 10,000 Implementation activities, inputs and costs Initial investment No initial investment Maintenance/recurrent activities 1. ploughing green manure 2. seeding green manure 3. organic fertilizer of cow dung (optional) 4. ecological treatment against plagues days Land user: Individual and common small scale land users, mainly men Population density: 10-50 persons/km2 Annual population growth: < 0.5% Land ownership: individual, titled Land use rights: individual (all cropland is privately owned). Water use rights: individual. Water use is organised by permits to water extraction from aquifers on individual basis. Water rights are provided and controlled by the Water authority of the Segura river basin. Relative level of wealth: average, which represent 80% of land users; 75% of the total land area is owned by average land users SLM Technology: Ecological production of almonds and olives using green manure, Spain DESIRE – WOCAT 2012 Importance of off-farm income: > 50% of all income: There is no difference in the ones who apply the technology and those who don’t. Most farmers do have an off-farm income for example from hunting, work in a factory, or office. Access to service and infrastructure: moderate: employment, energy; high: education, technical assistance, market, roads & transport, drinking water and sanitation, financial services Market orientation: commercial / market Mechanization: mechanized Livestock grazing on cropland: yes Technical drawing Mixture of barley and vetch (Vicia sativa) seeds used for seeding green manure. (Photo: Joris de Vente) Maintenance/recurrent inputs and costs per ha per year Inputs Costs (US$) % met by land user Labour Equipment 25 37 - machine use Agricultural 72 37 - seeds 96 37 - organic fertilizer (optional) 79 37 - biocides (only when needed) 159 37 TOTAL 431 37 Remarks: Fuel price, ecological pesticides and organic fertilizer are the most determining factors affecting the costs. Cow dung costs approximately US $350 per tonne and will therefore increase the costs significantly if applied. The costs are calculated assuming the application of green manure, ecological pesticides and organic fertilizer. However, many farmers decide not to use organic fertilizer because of their high costs. As part of the Rural Development Programme (QASPA01), ecological agriculture receives a subsidy of 476 US $ per ha during the first 3 years of production, after which the subsidy is reduced to 380 US $ per ha. The local wage rate is 79 US$/day. Prices are for spring 2008. 103
Assessment Impacts of the Technology Production and socio-economic benefits Production and socio-economic disadvantages increased crop yield decreased workload increased farm income use of organic fertilizer and biocides is expensive and requires subsidies Socio-cultural benefits Socio-cultural disadvantages improved conservation / erosion knowledge improved health (reduced soil and groundwater contamination) improved cultural opportunities (people nourish and care more for their land) increased recreational opportunities (more attractive cultural landscape) Ecological benefits Ecological disadvantages reduced surface runoff reduced soil loss increased biological pest disease control improved soil cover increased soil organic matter / below ground C reduced emission of carbon and greenhouse gases increased animal diversity increased plant diversity increased beneficial species increased nutrient cycling recharge reduced soil crusting / sealing Off-site benefits Off-site disadvantages reduced damage on neighbours fields reduced groundwater / river pollution reduced downstream siltation Contribution to human well-being/livelihoods farm income of most ecological farmers has increased due to higher market price, higher yield and subsidies Benefits/costs according to land user Benefits compared with costs short-term: long-term: Establishment neutral/balanced neutral/balanced Maintenance/recurrent slightly positive slightly positive First years require some adaptation, but after 1-2 years the higher market price and crop yield will generate a slightly higher income. Acceptance/adoption: In all, 95% of land user families have implemented the technology with external material support. The majority are convinced by the subsidies provided for ecological agriculture. Only 5% of land user families have implemented the technology voluntarily. There is a limited number of farmers who had already started this form of farming before the existence of subsidies. There is a moderate (growing) trend towards spontaneous adoption of the technology. The trend is spontaneous, but strongly driven by available subsidies. Concluding statements Strengths and how to sustain/improve Weaknesses and how to overcome Ecological agriculture and green manure have a very positive effect on soil quality, biodiversity and reduction of runoff and erosion Reduced costs related to pest control High quality products of ecological agriculture provide a good impression and an attractive product Better marketing of ecoalmond and olives High quality products with a good market price are produced Costs of pest control should fall Application of organic fertilizers and ecological pest control is relatively expensive and depend on subsidies especially in the first few years of implementation Look for cheaper methods and combine possibly with other techniques such as reduced tillage to further reduce the costs. After several years, normally less pest control is required due to increased natural control and ecosystem integrity. Key reference(s): Regional advisory board on ecological agriculture: CARM 2008, http://www.caermurcia.com; Programa de Desarrollo Rural de la Región de Murcia 2 http://www.carm.es/neweb2/servlet/integra.servlets.ControlPublico?IDCONTENIDO=4689&IDTIPO=100&RASTRO=c431$m1219 Contact person(s): Joris de Vente, EEZA-CSIC, Joris@sustainable-ecosystems.org 104 DESIRE – WOCAT Desire for Greener Land
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Desire for Greener Land Options for
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DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener L
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Co-published by University of Bern,
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Cross-slope barriers Progressive be
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The present DESIRE publication desc
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Contributing authors and DESIRE con
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Desire for Greener Land - Options f
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XIV DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Figure 1: Desertification vulnerabi
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In DESIRE, WOCAT methods and tools
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Part 1
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8 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Greener
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Figure 1: Methodological framework
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to Russia and China (see Table 1).
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DRI = 5.4 Very high desertification
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Table 2 provides a more detailed de
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decision. This leads to solutions b
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Aims and objectives This penultimat
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Figure 7: The DESIRE Project has fo
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References: n EEA-European Environm
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Area (x1000 Ha) Major land use type
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Major land degradation types per st
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Rate of degradation per study site
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Production services were affected o
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% of area under conservation measur
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Figure 16: Effectiveness of conserv
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Conservation impact on ecosystem se
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Analysis of SLM technologies Introd
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Table 2: WOCAT categories of SLM me
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Origin of technology SLM technologi
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Table 3: Sensitivity of and toleran
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No. of case studies Land Ownership
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No. of case studies Increased farm
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Class sification Land use problemss
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Classification Land use problems: T
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Classification Land use problems: O
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Problem, objectives and constraints
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Impacts of the Approach Improved su
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Input: - Equipment (machinery, tool
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Problems, objectives, and constrain
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Desire for Greener Land Opopejo Qui
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2.2 Mapping case studies This secti
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Land recommendation Land conservati
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Portugal - Maçao The Maçao area h
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Italy - Rendina The Rendina area ex
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Greece - Nestos This area has chemi
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Turkey - Eskişehir The Eskeheşir
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Tunisia - Koutine The Koutine area
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Russia - Novy Land use in the Novy
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Botswana - Boteti The main land use
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Chile - Cauquenes The Cauquenes are
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252 DESIRE - WOCAT Desire for Green
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Status of land degradation, sustain
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Examples of potential SLM technolog
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Actual
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Case study of the DESIRE methodolog
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II Identifying, evaluating and sele
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The results showed that the best op
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IV Up-scaling SLM strategies Some r
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Cropland (or grazing land, mixed la
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Explanation pages of case studies:
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Here appears an organogram - if ava
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Pictograms SLM technology Land use
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Logos of partners 282 DESIRE - WOCA
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Desire for Greener Land

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